【作者】 陈谞；

【导师】 王牧；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 刑法学， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 自20世纪80年代以来，我国禁毒执法部门坚定不移地贯彻严打方针，始终保持对毒品犯罪的高压态势，但我国的禁吸戒毒工作所面临的形势依然不容乐观，突出表现在以下几个方面： 一是吸毒人数仍然居高不下，吸毒人口呈现年轻化和低龄化趋势。截止2003年底，我国累计登记在册的吸毒人员已达到105．3万人，72．2％是35岁以下的青少年，这其中还不包括4～7倍于此、数量庞大的隐性吸毒人口。 二是涉毒区域仍在扩大，吸毒人员的职业结构和社会阶层日趋复杂化。中国公安部2003年公布的数据显示，我国内地31个省(自治区、直辖市)都存在吸毒问题，涉毒县(市、区)已达到2148个，其中比较严重的，也就是吸毒人员超过1000人的县(市、区)有214个。 三是走私、贩卖、运输、制造毒品活动猖獗，因吸毒而诱发卖淫、盗窃、抢劫等违法犯罪现象突出。吸毒与走私、贩卖、运输、制造毒品是共生互动、互相依存的关系，既然境外毒源无法铲除，贩毒和吸毒也就不可能根治；反过来，也由于国内存在庞大的吸毒群体，这一群体对毒品的巨大需求所产生的暴利，又会刺激毒品的制造、走私、运输和贩卖。尽管禁毒机关不断加大对毒品犯罪的打击力度，但在国际交往频繁、制毒贩毒依然十分活跃的大环境背景下，要想在中国这个局部战场短期内彻底根治毒品犯罪是不可能的，也是不现实的。 <WP=207> 四是由于吸毒是高开销的持续性行为，在强烈毒瘾的折磨下，为了尽快获得毒资，他们在骗光、偷光、拖跨自己的家庭和朋友之后，如果仍不能自拔的话，他们必然会非偷即抢、以贩养吸、以卖淫养吸，从而给社会治安带来极为严重的后果。据大量调查，在吸毒成瘾者中有70～75％左右曾有违法犯罪行为。 五是对吸毒人员的执法难和收治率低，戒毒人员的康复矫治效果不理想。多年来我国戒毒机构对吸毒人员的收戒方式始终走不出一种怪圈：戒毒所收治一部分吸毒人员，社会上还有一部分吸毒人员，等这批戒毒人员出所后，再把另一部分人收治进来，可前一批戒毒人员出所后又很快复吸，如此循环反复，导致戒毒工作始终处于“屡吸屡戒，屡戒屡吸”的恶性循环状态。 六是吸毒预防的宣传教育设计不够科学，效果不理想，没有充分调动群众以形成全民禁毒的工作态势。 因此，针对不断变化着的毒品犯罪和吸毒现象，如何更有效地从吸毒预防角度来地开展宣传教育，规范和完善戒毒医疗康复制度，解决立法和对策的滞后性问题，以便更好地遏止毒品犯罪，减缓新吸毒人员的滋生，最大限度降低吸毒所带来的社会危害，这方面的理论研究和实践方法的探索显得格外迫切和重要。 广义上的行为预防既包括行为发生前的预防，也包括控制、制止行为的全部过程，但这其中又以行为发生前的预防最为重要。鉴于目前在戒毒康复方面还有很多难题尚未攻克，吸毒行为的前期预防也就显得格外重要。因此，在当前我国吸毒治理工作面临严峻挑战的新形势下，吸毒预防研究具有十分重要的理论价值和实践意义： 第一，吸毒预防开展效果的好坏，直接关系到能否扭转当前我国禁吸戒毒工作的被动态势。 第二，就如何杜绝和减少吸毒行为的发生来看，预防比禁毒戒毒更 <WP=208>具可行性，也更容易有成效。 第三，吸毒预防对减少青少年吸毒行为的发生意义尤为重大，这是由青少年性格行为的可塑性以及青少年吸毒行为发生的特点所决定。 第四，国内外一些有益探索及其经验也证明了吸毒预防的重要意义。 为此，本文采取了以下的研究视角、思路和方法： (一)研究视角 在分析吸毒的成因时，国内的很多学者首推毒品的可获得性、毒品黑市的猖獗，认为这是产生吸毒行为的重要原因。然而笔者认为，任何消费品没有需求和市场，也就丧失了存在的前提。作为国家严厉控制查处的违禁品，毒品的存在同样离不开非法消费的市场和群体，贩卖、运输、制造毒品的最终收益也是取决于毒品的需求。如果我们能够从源头上探究出人们吸毒的原因，并相应地调整预防和矫治措施，从而有效地控制和减少社会对毒品的需求，相信这对我们的禁毒工作会有更大的帮助和启益。因此，本文选择吸毒预防的研究视角，尝试从源头上去全面深入地探讨预防和减少吸毒行为的发生的方法和途径，以期能在借鉴前人研究成果的基础上有所突破，从而为我国的禁吸戒毒工作提供有益的启示，扭转当前我国禁吸戒毒工作所面临的被动局面。 (二)研究思路 吸毒行为的发生是外部社会客观条件和个体主观要素相互交织、共同作用的结果，从理论上讲，很难认定吸毒者由于单一的原因而吸毒，多种原因要素需要在一定的条件、一定的情境和一定的过程中互动。在这些复杂的要素中，一些是具有共性的，一些具有个别性的特点；多种要素也具有层次性，一些是本质性的、决定性的、具有直接影响作用的因素，一些是次要的、辅助的、间接的因素。具有共性的因素反映了吸毒者相同或相似的主体观念和人格特点；具有个别特点的要素反映了吸毒者不同的吸毒行为的动机，即激起吸毒行为的内心起因和意志更多还原

【Abstract】 Since the eighties of the 20th century, the anti-drug departments of our country have carried out the crack down on drug abuse to the end and kept the high-handed measure on the drug related crimes. But we still must face the grim situation of the anti-drug movement, which can be manifested in the following points:First of all, there are enormous drug addicts in our country, who become younger in average age. By the end of 2003, the registered drug addicts are 1.053 million, and 72.2% of them are under 35 years old. What’ more, this statistics doesn’t include the unregistered drug addicts who are 4-7 times more than the registered ones.Secondly, the drug related region is enlarging and the social class of those drug addicts becomes more and more complex. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Pubic Security, all the provinces(autonomous regions , municipalities directly under the Central Government) of the main land all have the drug problems, and the drug related counties(cities , districts)has been up to 2148. There are 214 counties have comparatively critical problems since the registered drug addicts are more than 1000 in each of them.Thirdly, the crimes of drug smuggling , trafficking , transporting and manufacturing are still rampant, and drug related crimes such as prostitution , stealing , robbery are very common. The relationship between drug taking and drug smuggling , trafficking, transporting and manufacturing is coexisted and interacting. <WP=211>Since the drug suppliers can’t be rooted out, so we can’t wipe out the crime of drug trafficking and drug taking off our country. Conversely, the large consumers in the domestic drug market and big profit generated from it will increase the crimes of drug smuggling , trafficking , transporting and manufacturing. Although the anti-drug forces fight against those crimes hardly, but under the circumstance of the globalization and liveliness of drug related crimes, it is still a day dreaming to say that we can root out drug related crimes in a short period of time in China singularly.And then, the drug taking is a very costly continuous consuming action. Tortured by the strong drug addiction, in order to get the money paid for the drug as soon as possible, those drug addicts doom to steal or robber, prostitute, even traffic drug just to make the money to buy drug, after they fail to get money from their friends, relatives or families. And what they have done causes lots of trouble to the whole society. Judging from the survey, 70~75% of those drug addicts have crime records.The fifth is the inefficiency of the work of the anti-drug officers and the low proportion of the compulsory drug taking giving up. Actually the way on which our drug giving up agencies work is just a blind alley: some drug addicts are put into the agencies, but there are still many of them linger on the street, and then, somebody release from the agency, the others are put into again, just like a endless circles. No way out.Finally, the system of propaganda and education of the prevention of drug abuse is not so scientific, which leads to the poor ends. Generally speaking, we just failed to mobilize the enthusiasm of the masses.Therefore, in order to cope with the changeable drug related crimes and drug taking, how do we set up an efficient system to wage a war to prevent the <WP=212>drug abuse? How do we standardize and improve the drug giving up system? How do we correct the lagging of anti-drug policies and law making? We can learn the importance of concerning research and practice from the above questions.Generally speaking, the prevention of a conduct compromises the prevention before committing the conduct, and the whole process of controlling and restraining the conduct. And most important is the prevention before conducting. Seeing that there are lots of unsolved difficulties in the process of giving up and rehabilitation of the drug taking, the prevention beforehand come to be more and more crucial, where lies in the importance of the research of the prev更多还原