【作者】 刘思慧；

【导师】 刘季科；

【作者基本信息】 浙江大学 ， 生态学， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 生物多样性是可持续生物圈生态学的前沿领域。哺乳动物物种多样性则是生物多样性研究的重要组成部分。横断山系为中国生物多样性分布的关键地区之一，物种多样性极为丰富。迄今为止，对该地区哺乳动物物种多样性及其保护生物学尚乏系统的研究。 本文以横断山南麓滇南高原9个国家自然保护区的哺乳动物为对象，对其进行物种分类及编目，测定其物种分布的空间格局、区系组成及特征；旨在探讨哺乳动物栖息地空间结构和质量与哺乳动物物种丰富度的关系，分析哺乳动物栖息地大小、形状、立地植被类型、纬度梯度、海拔高度、温度及降水等环境因子对其物种丰富度的作用；揭示哺乳动物物种多样性对其栖息地破碎化、斑块景观异质性，以及人类活动反应的模式，为预测物种多样性的变动趋势，以及探讨其保护生物学提供理论依据。主要研究结果和结论如下： 横断山南麓滇南高原9个国家自然保护区的哺乳动物共计278种(亚种)，隶属11目、39科、135属。其优势类群为啮齿目(37属、95种)、翼手目(24属、59种)及食肉目(32属、42种)；次优势目为食虫目(17属、39种)，偶蹄目(12属、21种)，灵长目(4属、14种)及兔形目(2属、9种)；稀有类群为树鼩目(1属、1种)，长鼻目(1属、1种)，奇蹄目(1属、1种)及鳞甲目(1属、2种)。珍稀保护物种62种，占中国哺乳动物保护物种的1／3。其中，22种为国家Ⅰ级保护物种，21种为濒危物种。西双版纳及高黎贡山自然保护区分布的珍稀物种最多，分别为39种及33种。 研究的国家自然保护区哺乳动物的区系组成，以东洋界成分为主，计有212种，次为广布种(36种)，古北界物种为20种，最少者为古北—东洋共有种(17种)；其科级分类阶元的分布型为10类。其中，以旧大陆热带、亚热带和温带分布型为主，次类型者有9科；其次为喜马拉雅、南中国—东南亚热带型，计6科。其物种分布型为10类，以热带及亚热带分布型(100种)及特有型(73种)摘要为优势;且边缘分布型甚多，此即研究地域哺乳动物物种区系的主要特征。 在科、属及物种阶元，不同自然保护区哺乳动物区系相似性格局揭示，区系相似性指数随保护区距离而有差异，保护区邻近者，其区系相似指数较大，反之，保护区距离大者，其区系相似指数则小。其中，距离相近的无量山与哀牢山者最大，而距离较大的白马雪山与西双版纳者最小。 滇南高原国家自然保护区空间结构与哺乳动物物种丰富度空间分布密切相关。物种丰富度随保护区面积的增大，呈“S”型变动。大中型哺乳动物物种丰富度随栖息地面积的增大而增加，即保护区面积与大中型哺乳动物物种丰富度间呈正相关关系;在栖息地面积相等时，小型物种丰富度占优势。不同形状自然保护区哺乳动物物种丰富度具有明显的差异。斑块形栖息地物种最丰富，狭长形者次之，矩形者最少。 自然保护区哺乳动物物种丰富度随其栖息地森林覆盖的面积表现出明显的变化，森林覆盖面积大，栖息地的物种数增大，反之，亦然，基本呈“S”型变动。 研究地域自然保护区的环境因子对哺乳动物物种丰富度的分布有直接的影响。低纬度地区分布物种数较多，中纬度最丰富，而在高纬度区域，哺乳动物物种数最少。哺乳动物物种数随海拔高度亦有明显变化。在<1000M的低海拔地区分布的物种数最少;在海拔Z000M的地域，物种数最多;但随海拔增高物种数则呈降低趋势，至海拔高度>4000M，物种数降至最低。自然保护区的物种丰富度随环境温度的升高呈增高趋势。物种数对年平均温度，1月平均温度及7月平均温度的反应格局基本相似。 栖息地破碎化程度与哺乳动物物种丰富度的分布密切相关。在铜壁关自然保护区的16类景观中，南亚热带阔叶林斑块最多，其分布的哺乳动物物种丰富;其斑块景观破碎度与哺乳动物物种数的分布不一致，其中，陇川斑块破碎度最大，仅有64种哺乳动物，次为瑞丽斑块片，物种数为85种，盈江斑块破碎度最小，摘要其分布的哺乳动物物种则有140种;其景观的多样性、均匀度及优势度与哺乳动物物种数关系的格局相似，即景观多样性大、均匀度高、优势度大的斑块，其哺乳动物物种数丰富。 不同自然保护区对哺乳动物的承载力有明显差异。高黎贡山自然保护区面积最大，每物种占据的栖息地为2686ha，次为白马雪山及西双版纳自然保护区，其对哺乳动物承载力分别为1981ha/种及1918ha/种;南滚河及大围山自然保护区最小，分别为98 ha/种及179ha/种。 研究地域自然保护区的植被覆盖面积与植食性哺乳动物物种丰富度直接相关。森林覆盖度大，栖息的植食性种类丰富。在9个自然保护区中，以森林覆盖面积的变化，植食性种类、杂食性种类与食肉类的比例约为3:2:1。其中，高黎贡山目然保护区森林覆盖面积最大，栖J自、的植食性种类最丰富(73种)，铜壁关目然保护区(63种)及西双版纳自然保护区(58种)。 滇南高原国家自然保护区哺乳动物物种丰富度基本稳定，但华南虎、豹、雪豹、金猫及苏门犀等仍处于濒危灭绝状态。次为金钱 少、类活动的猎杀、毁林垦荒及非法贸易是威胁自然保护区哺乳动物物种生存及其栖息、地破坏的主要灾因。更多还原

【Abstract】 Biodiversity is a frontier domain of the ecology of sustainable biosphere. And biodiversity of mammal species is the component of biodiversity. Hengduanshan, a key region of biodiversity in China, distributes rich species. So far, there is unavailable systematic study to its diversity of mammalian species and conservation biology.Mammalian species of nine national nature reserves in southern Yunnan in southern Hengduanshan, as research target, were classified and recorded orderly to measure their spatial patterns, fauna components and characteristics. The study aimed to approach the relationship between spatial structure and quality of their habitants and mammals richness, analyze the interaction of environmental factors (including reserve’s size, shape, vegetation, latitude, elevation, temperature, and precipitation) to mammals richness, explore the patterns of reaction of mammal diversity to habitant fragment, heterogeneity of patches of landscape, and human activities. The final objective of this study was to predict mammal dynamic trend at species level and offers basic evidences for conservation biology. The main results and conclusions are summarized as the following.The total mammals in nine national nature reserves of southern Yunnan in southern Hengduanshan were 278 species, which belonged to 11 orders, 39 families and 135 genera. Of that, dominant groups were Rodentia (37 genera, 95 species), Chiroptera (24 genera, 59 species), and Carnivora (32 genera, 42 species). The second groups had Insectivora (32 genera, 39 species), Artiodactyla (12 genera, 21 species), Primates (4 genera, 14 species), and Lagomorpha (2 genera, 9 species). The rare group in species number was listed Sandentia (1 genus, 1 species), Proboscidea (1 genus, 1 species), Perissodactyla (1 genus, 1 species), and Pholidota (1 genus, 2 species). Endangered mammals of 62 species distributed in 9 reserves, which wasaccount for one third of protected mammals in China. 22 species of the reserves mammals were listed as the first protected targets in national level, and 21 species were in endangered status. Both Xishuangbanna and Gaokligongshan nature reserves gained priorities for endangered mammals carried, with 39 and 33 species, respectively.Fauna in 9 nature reserves showed that Oriental realm is dominant component, and others were minor groups including Common distributing species (36 species), Paleartic realm (20 species), and Co-species of Oriental-Paleartic realms (17 species). The families of these mammals were divided into 10 categories, in which the old-continent-tropic-subtropic and temperate zone is the largest type with 9 families. The second type in family level was the category of Himalayas-south-China-southeast-Asia with 6 families. Other whiles, all mammals in the 9 reserves also were divided into 10 groups in species level, in which there were 100 species of tropic-subtropic type and 73 species of special-distribution type. In addition, the edge-distribution type appears frequently. The fauna showed tropic, particular, and edge characteristics.The similarities at family, genus and species levels revealed that the index of fauna similarity changed as geographic distance of nature reserve moved. The close reserves had bigger index of fauna similarity than far reserves. Of which, the nearest, Wuliangshan and Ailaoshan, offered the largest similarity, but the farthest, Baimaxueshan and Xishuangbanna, gave the smallest similarity.It was close interrelated that the relationship between spatial structure and richness of mammals in 9 reserves. While area of reserve increases, richness of species changed in "S" shape. The richness of mammals with middle and large size increases as habitant’s area enlarged. In other words, reserve’s area and richness of species had positive interrelation. If habitant’s area was equal, the mammals of with small size distributed dominantly. When the reserves changed in different shapes, therichness of mammals showed obvious differences. Patch habitant maintained the most abundant species更多还原