【作者】 南哲镇；

【导师】 陈尚君；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 中国古代文学， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 讽谕是以比喻的方法对某种现实问题传达作家讽刺教导意义的修辞格。一般来说,讽谕需要具有一定情节的故事或陈述类似事例。这一点便是讽谕这个修辞格能扩大为文章或文体的立足点。如果一篇文章全篇以讽谕为主的话,那篇文章就可以说是讽谕文。再者,凡是主要以比喻的手段,借用寓言﹑故事或陈述类似的事情来对现实问题传达作家讽刺教导意义的文章就是讽谕文。古代讽谕文数量丰富,文学艺术价值也很高。且因讽谕文具有它独特的特点而能与其他文学作品区别。所以,它可以作为一种独立的文体,其成就相对其他文体也是毫不逊色的。讽谕文根据喻体和本意的结构关系可分为寓言﹑寓言式杂文﹑一般杂文型三类,它们都具有“讽谕”这个讽谕文的本质特征,而其具体写法和传意方法则各有特点,大不相同。中国讽谕文的历史悠久。到了唐代,因文学本身的发展以及政治社会的环境﹑功利的文学观﹑佛教文学等的影响,出现了大量独立成篇的讽谕文佳作。这是前代所罕见的。不过这个讽谕文的繁盛时期并不出现在唐王朝的全盛时期,而出现在它的衰败时期。这是因为讽谕文本身是对人间社会的各种问题传达作家讽刺教导意义的文章,所以政治文化的繁荣时期,它的社会意义不大,也就不容易兴盛了。安史之乱以后到文宗时期,是整个唐代改革思想最充分的时候。这时期文人主要采用便于阐发道理和提示教训的寓言或寓言式杂文,积极地提出他们对当时社会政治各方面的意见,这便导致了唐代讽谕文的第一个兴盛期。安史之乱以后的各种改革接连失败,而唐朝完全走上了无可奈何的绝望之路。尤其在甘露之变以后,文人丧失了积极的改革意志和功利的思想,讽谕文之创作也随之衰退了。而黄巢起义前后出现一批不平之士,他们多采用便于谴责与批评的一般杂文形式来大量写作以辛辣讽刺和谴责为主的新风格的讽谕文,从而出现了唐代讽谕文的第二次高潮。讽谕文是运用比喻的手段,通过借用寓言﹑故事或记述类似的事件来传达对某一个问题的思想见解的文章。因此,讽谕文的基本特征可概括为“比喻性”﹑“叙事性”﹑“议论性”。根据讽谕文的这三大特征,唐代讽谕文采用的主要艺术手法可概括为“以浅喻深”﹑“以事明理”﹑“借古讽今”三种。除此以外,唐代讽谕文采用的主要手法还有“托代陈述”与“韵散结合”。这五种手法都有自己独特的功能,从而有助于把作家的本意更有效﹑更明确地传达给读者。 I<WP=7>唐代文人创作了大量讽谕文,因而导致了传统文体的改革并促进了新文体的产生。唐代讽谕文的最重要的主题与政治社会的教化有关。唐代主要讽谕文作家都是古文家,讽谕文的繁荣与古文运动的兴起是大致同步的。由此看来,唐代讽谕文的创作与古文运动以及文体改革之间有密切的关系。唐代讽谕文虽然以揭露现实矛盾并提示作家的见解为主要目的,同时也具有丰富的文学性。这一点是唐代讽谕文的一大特点。从这种意义上说,唐代讽谕文创作的贡献在于提升了中国古代散文的艺术价值。本论文先确定讽谕文的概念及其类型,据此,从唐文之中选取一定数量的讽谕文,进而对其作内容和艺术手法上的分类研究。在此基础上,对唐代讽谕文的价值和意义进行了初步的研究和阐发。更多还原

【Abstract】 Allegory is the rhetorical case conveying the satire and instructive intention.Generally speaking, allegory is completed by the tale having some plot or referringsimilar case. This can be the base that allegory which is one kind of rhetorical casecan develop into a work or a genre. If a prose is totally consisted by an allegory, it canbe allegoric prose. In other words, if a prose through figures (refer to allegoric tale orsimilar case) represent the author’s satirical and instructive intention aboutcontemporary issues, it can be denominated allegoric prose. A number of allegoric prose in ancient Chinese is abundant and they have a highliterical and artistic value. And also they have their own unique characteristics to bediscerned from the other literatures. As a result, allegoric prose can be established aliteral genre. Allegoric prose is classified by the three kinds of types such as allegoric tale,allegoric miscellany and general miscellany type. All of them have the innatecharacteristics of allegory, but their creation method or meaning carry method isdefinitely different. The history of Chinese allegoric prose is long. Especially, much independentallegoric prose arose from the influence of the development of literature,culture-societal environments, writer’s utilitarian thoughts and Buddhist literature andetc. in the Tang Dynasty. But, the allegoric prose in Tang Dynasty flourished at decadeperiod not prosperity period. It is due to that allegoric prose is one conveying author’ssatirical and instructive intention about various conflicts and issues in human society,so it is difficult to flourish in politically and socially prosperity period. Since the An-Shih Rebellion (安史之乱) to the Wen-zong(文宗)period was theperiod that reformation thoughts was most abundant in the whole Tang Dynasty. Inthis period, writers usually represented their own satirical and instructive intentionabout various issues in political and societal areas through allegoric tale or allegoricmiscellany. As a result, this period became the first period of prosperity of allegoricprose. Since after An-Shih Rebellion, all various reformations were failed and TangDynasty was entirely declined. Especially writers lost their reformation will andutilitarian thoughts since Gan-lu’s accident(甘露之变). Therefore after Gan-lu’saccident, allegoric prose became declined too. But, at the time of Huang Chao’srebellion(黄巢之乱), a lot of writer who had discontents about politics and societyappeared and they wrote many acrid allegoric prose with new atmosphere. So, thesecond period of prosperity of allegoric prose came in the Tang Dynasty. Allegoric prose through the statements of figurative tale or similar casesrepresent author’s thoughts and opinions. So, generally speaking, allegoric prose hasits own basic characteristics. They are figurativity, narrativity and argumentatity. III<WP=9>Based on them, the artistic methods adopted by allegoric prose in Tang Dynasty canbe summarized “yiqianyushen”(以浅喻深), “yishimingli”(以事明理), and“jiegufengjin”(借古讽今). Excepting them, allegoric prose wrote in Tang dynastyhave two other principal artistic methods. They are “tuodaichenshu”(托代陈述)and“yunsanjiehe”(韵散结合).These five methods have their own unique functions andcontribute to convey author’s intentions effectively and definitely. A lot of allegoric prose in Tang Dynasty induced the evolution of traditionalgenre and the production of new genre. The important characteristics of the allegoricprose in Tang dynasty is the educational function of politics and society. All of thefamous allegoric prose writers in the Tang Dynasty were called guwenjia. (古文家:the person who writes archaic style prose) The flourish of allegoric prose and themovement of the ancient Chinese prose were rise simultaneously. In addition, thetransformed genres by the creation of allegoric prose were the major更多还原