弱小民族文学的译介与20世纪中国文学的民族意识

【作者】 宋炳辉；

【导师】 陈思和；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 比较文学与世界文学， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 现代主体意识的确立是中国文化和文学现代化的根本体现， 而中国现代主体正是在中外文化交汇碰撞中建立起来的。 对于中国现代主体意识及其经验的考察 ，是揭示中国文学现代性复杂内涵的关键。 对外国文学的翻译本身就是中国现代主体文化和文学创造的一种重要途径， 是跨语际文化实践赖以展开的场所，是中国民族建构以及关于“现代人” 想象（ 或者幻想）的建构中一种重要中介。其中弱小民族文学的译介实践和强势民族文学译介一起， 构成了中国现代主体的一部分。相对于西方文学的译介而言， 这部分译介实践的过程及其成果， 在中国现代主体意识的建构中有着特别的意义和功能 ，它在民族身份的确认、 文学情感的表达和文学价值的指归等方面， 都有着特殊的文化功能。对这部分实践的分析，有助于完整地勾勒中国现代主体意识到全貌，特别是揭示被文化中心话语所遮蔽和压抑的民族主体的内在矛盾和紧张。在这样的理论背景下，弱小民族文学译介的复杂情形才可以得到正视，弱小民族文学译介实践的文化和文学意义也就可能得到合理的说明，它在中国现代语境下往往遭受西方强势文学压抑的原因也可以得到进一步的解释，由此而引起的中国主体意识的相应特点，也可以得到进一步的落实。但是，在以往的中外文学关系研究中，作为中国现代文学外来因素之一的“弱小民族文学”的译介常遭忽视，不是以中西文学关系，就是以中苏文学关系为主导，已有的研究也往往囿于单纯的外国文学研究视野。本文以中外文学关系作为基本论述框架，以外来文学的译介及其影响为切入点，在理论上借鉴后殖民理论、翻译的文化研究理论以及跨语际实践理论的成果， 同时引入“ 弱小民族文学 ”以及与之对应的“ 强势民族文学” 概念 （即通常所称得西方或欧美国家文学）， 将被中西关系的强大话语所遮蔽了的中国与弱小民族文学关系为考察对象， 检点 20 世纪中国对于弱小民族文学译介的具体过程及其成果 ，厘清其在各个时期的译介背景和译介内容， 以期弥补现有研究在此方面的不足。 本文采取历史线索的描述与个案分析相结合的方法 ，具体考察弱小民族文学被接受的具体情形 ，同时结合其在中国的影响， 通过与西方强势文学译介和接受语境的对照 ，考察中国文学民族主体的内在反应， 初步揭示其在中国文学现代性的起源、 构成及其演变过程中的特殊作用， 以期引起学界对中外文学关系<WP=6>中另一个层面的关注，努力将这一边缘性的学术话语纳入中国文学现代性的探讨空间，从而完整地揭示作为现代化后发国家的中国现代文学的特殊性质，显现中国文学现代性的多元复杂的内涵。更多还原

【Abstract】 The establishment of modern Subjective Consciousness is the fundamental embodiment of the modernization of Chinese culture and literature. And the modern Chinese Subject was just formed through the collision and clash between Chinese culture and foreign cultures. The key to disclose the complicated connotation of the modernization of Chinese literature is to examine modern Subjective Consciousness in China and its experience. The translation and introduction of foreign literatures is itself an important way to create modern subjective Chinese culture and literature, and it is just where inter-lingual cultural practice was undertaken. It is also an important medium in the course of constructing the Chinese People and Chinese imagination about "Modern Man". Among which, the translation and introduction of weak and small literatures, together with the translation of strong literatures, formed part of the modern Chinese Subject. In comparison to the translation of western literatures, this part of translational practice and its results have special significance and function in the construction of modern Chinese subjectivity. It has its special cultural functions in the acknowledgement of national identity, the expression of literary emotions and the signification of literary value. The analysis of the practice in this part is helpful to draw a complete picture of modern Chinese subjective consciousness, especially the inner conflicts and tension of the national subjectivity which was oppressed by and kept in the shade of central cultural discourse. Only against this kind of theoretical background, could we envisage the complicated realities of the translation of weak and small literatures, and provide a reasonable explanation about its cultural and literary signification. The reason why it was oppressed often by strong western literatures in modern Chinese context can be further explained, and the corresponding characteristics resulted from this can be further grounded. However, in previous researches on Sino-foreign literary relations, the translation of weak and small literatures as one of the outside elements of modern Chinese literature was often ignored. They focused on either Sino-western or Sino-USSR literary relations, and were often limited in the perspective of foreign literary studies. With Sino-foreign relations as the fundamental framework and the translation of foreign literatures and its influence as the cutting-in point, and with benefits from the?<WP=8>literatures or European and American literatures), studies the relations between Chinese and weak literatures, examines the specific course and results of the translation of weak literatures in 20th-century China, clarifies its background situations and contents in different periods. Its purpose is to make up for the present deficiencies in research. This dissertation uses both the method of historical description and the method of case study to examine the specific situations in which weak literatures were accepted and its influence in China. And with comparison to the context of the translation and acceptance of strong western literatures, it examines the inner reaction of the national Subject of Chinese literature, brings to light its function in the origination, formation and evolution of the modernity of Chinese literature. This is to awake Chinese academe’s attention on the OTHER aspect of Sino-foreign literary relations, make this marginalized academic discourse one of the discussion subjects around the modernity of Chinese literature, hence draw a complete picture of all the peculiar characteristics of modern Chinese literature as in a country in which the modernization process began later than developed countries, and show the complicated pluralistic connotations of the modernity of Chinese literature.更多还原