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区域水资源可持续利用指标体系及评价方法研究

Study of Indicators System and Assessment Methods for Regional Sustainable Utilization in Relation to Water Resources

【作者】 宋松柏

【导师】 蔡焕杰;

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 , 农业水土工程, 2003, 博士

【摘要】 水资源不仅是一种控制生态环境的基础自然资源和一切社会发展的物质基础,而且是一种战略性的经济资源,是一个国家综合国力的有机组成部分。1997 年 1 月,联合国在《世界水资源综合评价报告》中指出,水问题将严重制约 21 世纪全球的经济与社会发展,并可能导致国家间的冲突。目前,各国水危机问题长期不仅没有得到根本解决,而且愈来愈严重。 中国以世界上 6%的可更新水资源和 9%的耕地,支持了占全球 22%人口的温饱和经济发展,中国为世界水资源的供需平衡做出了贡献。中国是 13 个人均水资源占有量贫乏的国家之一,其水资源面临的态势是水多、水少、水脏、水浑和水生态失衡。因此,寻求人口、经济、社会、环境相互协调的可持续发展之路,探讨 21 世纪水资源的国家战略及其相关科学问题,已经成为全球关注和各国政府的重点议题之一。水资源可持续利用研究则是本世纪多学科综合研究的重大学科领域之一。水资源可持续利用指标体系及评价方法是水资源可持续利用研究的核心问题之一。目前,关于水资源可持续利用指标的研究,国内外已经开展了一些的研究,对于进一步发展、完善水资源可持续利用评价指标体系是十分有用的。从总体上来说,区域水资源可持续利用指标体系的研究尚处于探索阶段,缺乏系统的、公认的评价指标体系。为此,针对目前国内外研究的现状和存在问题,本文以陕西省为区域研究对象,应用可持续发展理论,进行了区域水资源可持续利用指标体系及评价方法研究,建立了区域水资源可持续利用指标体系,并对其动态变化进行了评价。  全文共分十章。第一章论述了国内外可持续发展指标体系、水资源可持续利用指标体系研究进展以及存在的主要问题,提出了本文研究内容、方法与技术路线。第二章在目前国内外关于水资源可持续利用研究的基础上,提出了本文研究采用的水资源可持续利用体系结构,包括水资源可持续利用的定义,水资源可持续利用研究的基本任务和目标,水资源可持续利用研究的主要内容。第三章描述了陕西省自然地理、气候、社会经济、水资源开发利用和环境保护状况。选择陕西省为研究对象,进行区域水资源可持续利用指标体系及其评价方法研究。第四章根据 Peter Chen(1976)提出的实体—联系方法(Entity-RelationshipApproach)反映现实世界数据间的关系,进行指标RSWRS 系统选择,提出了 RSWRS 系统指标体系的概念框架。根据 Bossel 基本类定向指标评价和可持续发展思想,将 RSWRS 系统的各类指标划分为生存、能效、自由、安全、适应、共存等 6 个基本类定向指标,作为度量 RSWRS 系统发展状况的定<WP=5>II  向指标。采用基数选择法和优选法两种方法,给出了各类基本定向指标评价的理想集,指标理想集按最低水平、低水平、中等水平、高水平和最高水平 5 级标准确定。第五章基于 Bossel 评分标准,以参考状态的离差平方和最大法计算基本类定向指标权重,获得系统综合指数。最后依据 Bossel 星图法,提出了 RSWRS 系统发展态势的度量模型。第六章在国内外可持续发展系统协调研究的基础上,以复合系统协调理论为基础,从寻求系统理想发展值出发,根据同步协调发展方程,以 RSWRS 系统中子系统的发展指数值与理想发展轨道之间的空间距离来度量协调程度。最后进行了实际案例研究和仿真运算。第七章根据 Matheson 模型和 Bossel 可持续发展度量标准,提出了RSWRS 系统公平性程度度量模型,包括公正程度、平等程度、满足需求程度模型,以公正程度、平等程度、满足需求程度的综合值反映 RSWRS 系统的公平性程度。第八章认为 RSWRS 系统可持续性度量包括 RSWRS 系统的发展态势、系统的协调性和系统的公平性。提出了 RSWRS 系统可持续性的度量模型,以人们习惯判定标准进行评定。第九章以 RSWRS 系统中子系统的各类定向指标指数值与可持续性等级,利用人工神经网络建立非线性评价数学模型,直接应用子系统的各类定向指标指数值进行RSWRS 系统的可持续性评价。第十章概括总结了本文研究的主要成果、主要结论、研究区的主要评价结论、存在的问题及其对策建议。最后讨论了本文有待于进一步深入研究的主要问题。 本研究得出了以下主要结论。 ⒈根据 Bosse(1999)可持续发展影响因素分析,将水资源可持续利用的 8 个影响因素归结为水资源、社会经济、环境 3 个系统,以单位圆表示它们的发展空间,则水资源可持续利用空间=水资源∩社会经济∩环境。将水资源可持续利用定义为:在人类发展历程中,水资源系统作为最基本的支撑系统,能够在一定的时空尺度内,经济和科学技术水平条件下,通过人为的干预(规划、建设和管理),具有很强的自适应、抵抗和缓冲能力,维持水的持续性和生态环境的完整性,支持社会、经济、环境协调发展用水要求(数量、质量)的全部过程。这种水资源可持续利用的 3 环定义符合系统工程的思想,它是由水资源系统、社会系统、经济系统、环境系统组成的复合系统。同时,也是本研究水资源可持续利用系统?

【Abstract】 Water resources is not only bases of basic natural resource of controlling ecologicalenvironment and substance bases of all society development, but also is a strategicaleconomical resource. It is also an important parts of a national comprehensive power.World water resources comprehensive assessment (1997.1) of United Nations reported thatwater crisis will seriously restrict global society and economy development in 21 century,and might lead to conflicts among countries. Now, national water crisis has not been solvedfor a long period of time, furthermore it is becoming to yield severe water crisis. China feed its population which account for 22% of world population with 6% ofworld fresh water and 9% of world arable area. So, China has made a great contribution tothe world water supply and demand balance. It is one of thirteen water resources per capitashortage countries in the world. It’s water resources states are waterlogging, water shortage,water dirtiness and water pollution and ecological environment unbalance. Therefore,studying on harmonious sustainable development path among population, society,economy, environment and national stratagem of water resources and other scientifictopics in relation to water resources in 21 century have become one of important researchsubjects which governments pay a great attention to in the world. Sustainable waterresources are one of important multi-discipline comprehensive research fields in thiscentury. Indicators system and assessment methods for sustainable utilization in relation towater resources are one of core subjects. At the present time, some works about the fieldshave been investigated and made some progress. These progress are very beneficial toperfect the indicators system and assessment methods for sustainable utilization in relationto water resource. But, generally speaking, the research in the fields is still in its primaryresearch stage. So far, there has no a assessment indicators system which can be widelyaccepted by water resources experts. In this thesis, based on existing research states andmain problems about the field at home and abroad, taking Shaanxi Province as researcharea, using sustainable development theory, we want to establish the indicators system ofsustainable water resources and study assessment method of the indicators system. There are nine chapters in this thesis. Chapter one is about a comprehensivedescription of some progress and main shortcoming in sustainable development and <WP=8>Vindicators system of sustainable water resources at domestic and abroad, presents researchcontents and methods and technical ways. Chapter two presents sustainable waterresources utilization system structure, including defining and basic research tasks andtargets of sustainable water resources utilization system. Chapter three describes thegeneral situation of natural geography and climate and society and economy and waterresources utilization and environmental protection in Shaanxi Province. Chapter fourselects indicators and presents the indicators system concept framework for sustainablewater resources utilization system which consist of water resources society and economyand environment subsystem according to Entity-Relationship Approach (Peter Chen,1976).The sustainable water resources utilization system name as RSWRS system. Based onBossel’s basic orientor indicators and sustainable development idea, these indicators arefallen into six categories basic orientor indicators, i.e. Existence, Effectiveness, Freedomof action, Security, Adaptability and Coexistence. Using benchmark selecting method andoptimum selecting methods, this thesis gives the basic orientor indicators criterias whichclassified as the lowest level, low leve, middle leve, high leve and the highest level.Chapter five uses Bossel’s assessment criterias and deviation sum of squares withreference state of basic orientor indicators to determine the weight, bases on Bossel’sOrient

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