【作者】 阳生权；

【导师】 刘宝琛；

【作者基本信息】 中南大学 ， 采矿工程， 2002， 博士

【摘要】 本文首先从爆破地震波的传播规律与作用机理、爆破地震的预测与预报和爆破震动安全判据与爆破震动控制三个方面论述了爆破震动效应的研究现状，接着阐述了爆破震动累积效应研究的前期前提性研究工作，分析了爆破震动效应研究的不足和对将来研究工作的展望，指出在不断深入探讨与完善爆破地震安全判据的同时，也意味着从不同角度来探讨和研究爆破地震效应理论的必要性。从而提出主要针对地下工程开挖推进式重复爆破作业和矿山开采生产循环爆破作业进行爆破震动累积效应研究的创造性概念。 在全面分析爆破地震波的特征和岩体动态力学性质的基础上，阐述了爆破地震波的传播、能量、频幅与危害特征，指出爆破地震波具有非重复性与不可预见性、频谱的丰富性与集中性、危害的隐藏性与不可估量性以及传播特性方面的可变性与多样性。同时指出在爆破地震波动载荷作用下，岩石与岩体均会产生损伤累积。从地面与地下建(构)筑物所受的影响和地层本身的影响两方面全面阐述分析了爆破震动累积效应现象，理论和试验分析论证了爆破震动累积效应的存在，研究指出围岩介质体的爆破震动累积效应主要体现地两个方面：围岩介质性质的劣化，即破坏性效应，和介质性质的强化，即局部介质强度指标的强化调整。 在断裂力学与损伤力学理论框架下，论述了爆破震动累积作用机理，其基本框架是，介质中原有的不连续结构面(体)系列缺陷在爆破地震波的动载荷作用下，因微裂纹的发生与扩展形成宏观裂纹，宏观裂纹的贯通，则造成介质的开裂，以及岩体介质中不连续结构面(体)的扩展，和其它缺陷的再产生、扩展等。因此节理裂隙等岩体中不连续面(体)的动载荷累积效应尤其显著。同时提出爆破震动累积作用机理包括单一震动波的作用机理和多个爆破震动波作用机理。单波机理是指单一的爆破地震波的累积作用机理，即前一时刻爆破地震波对介质体的作用通过改变介质的物理、力学性质和状态参与后续爆破地震波对介质体的作用。多波机理指多个相互独立的爆破地震波对介质材料和结构体累积作用机理，机理框架是按照记忆效应原理，介质材料的破坏效应遵循小范围屈服原理，介质材料的记忆状态不管是在微观还是宏观上均遵循阶跃效应的机制，状态与状态间的动态累积，或发生阶跃变化，或保持在原来状态不变。 阐述了爆破震动累积效应的两种方式：阶跃效应与记忆效应。探讨性分析了不协调破坏(能量再分配原理)。 从应力波作用对介质体中裂纹贯穿的影响和介质体中不连续结构面(体)分布产状与特征对爆破地震波传播的影响两个方面，综合论述了介质不连续体结构面(体)与爆破地震波传播的相互作用，指出介质体结构面(体)的不同分布产状、结构面类型的对爆破地震波传播影响不同，而且具有一定的规律性。分析指出对爆破地震波传播的影响介质体中随机分布的系列微裂纹及小尺寸裂隙等小型缺陷面(体)存在几种等效效应。 研究提出利用质点振动速度波形面积变化反映爆破震动能分布密度的变化，通过比较质点振动速度波形面积的变化可分析评估围岩介质体中的爆破震动能的分布与药量和距离的关系，以及围岩介质体物理力学性质的改变与爆破震动能衰减的关系。研究提出利用单位药量与距离条件下的质点振速波形面积(单位等效面积)分析评估单位药量与距离条件下的爆破震动能分布密度，并提出了单位等效面积的计算方法，通过非药量和距离因素影响下振速波形单位等效面积的分析，合理评估单位爆破震动能在围岩体中的分布状况，以及爆破震动作用下的介质体本身物理力学性质的改变。通过分析地面震动质点振动速度波形的单位等效面积，可推断与阐述围岩介质体中不连续结构面(体)的总体分布状况，以及在爆破震动作用下的发生与扩展情况和与爆破地震波的互相作用。在实践与试验的基础上综合论述了爆破震动的影响因素和爆破震动控制方法，它们包括选择合理的炸药、合理调整装药结构与改善装药质量、确定最佳炸药单耗、爆破与起爆方法的改进、预裂爆破的采用、采用微差爆破，减少最大段药量，控制爆破规模、提高毫秒微差爆破的延时精度、震动持续时间的控制、距离的控制与利用、密切关注爆破震动累积效应十个方面。并针对震动波累积作用机理的特点，在控制爆破震动提出了新概念与新方法。分析探讨了岩体与地表爆破震动的差异。同时针对安全判据的独立阀值理论从理论分析和实践应用两方面分析探讨了我国爆破地震安全判据的缺陷与改进建议，分析评述了爆破震动观测与结果处理方面的误区。提出把地震幅值、频谱和持续时间三者同时纳入爆破地震安全判据，建立多参数安全判据。规范和完善爆破地震安全监测系统。通过相互关联的多因素的合理关联组合建立合理的综合评判模型。重视和完善爆破地震累积效应及其相关理论。更多还原

【Abstract】 Firstly, the present information of the blasting vibration effects is described in three aspects, which is respectively wave propagation characteristic & effect theory, prediction & controlling of blasting vibration, and safety criterion. Following, some former preparing research work of blasting vibration cumulative effects is listed. It is pointed out that some different studying methods and content need to be developed after analyzing the present achievement and problems. Therefore the blasting vibration cumulative effects is to be explored for the first time, which is mainly for cycling blasting in underground engineering and mines.The characteristic of blasting seismic wave in propagation, energy, frequency and altitude, and damage, is illustrated that there are randomicity and unpredictability of wave, wide-band and frequency concentration, great damage and unobvious, and changeability and variety of blasting seismic waves. And the rock mass dynamic characteristic analysis shows that the cumulative damage will be taken place in rock mass under the dynamic loads of blasting seismic waves. The phenomena of blasting vibration cumulative effects of ground buildings and underground structures is explained respectively , which is confirmed by theoretical and practical analysis. There are two aspects of blasting vibration cumulative effects in rock mass, which is damaging-effects and alterable-effects differently. The damaging-effects is weaken-effects in intensity and the alterable effects is strengthen-effects in intensity.The blasting vibration cumulative effect mechanism is discussed and explained based on the theories of fracture mechanics and damage mechanics: crack propagation will be taken place under dynamic loads of blasting seismic waves, the same as faults such as joint, crack, fracture, and interface etc. Developing of these fault cause damage of rock mass, which is more obvious in jointed rock mass relatively. There are two kinds of effects theories which are single-wave theory and multi-waves theory respectively. The single-wave theory is defined as cumulative effect of single blasting seismic wave, in same wave in rock mass, and the past state of wave affects the present state. The multi-waves theory is defined as cumulative effect of several waves, which is independent each another. The general outline of multi-waves is that there is cumulative damage in media mass under dynamic loads of blasting seismic waves.On the other hand, there are two effects of blasting vibration cumulative effects, which is step effects and memory effects respectively. Here, the absonant damage theory is also explored and discussed, which means re-distribution of blasting vibration energy cause crack propagation.It is pointed out that the faults in rock mass and the blasting seismic waves propagation affect each other. And there are some decline that different faults affect mainly different wave propagation. At the same time, fracture series in rock mass can be treated as a some size fault interface.Through research and theoretical analysis, it is confirmed that the surface ofvibration velocity wave in rock mass can be used to explain and comment energy of blasting vibration in rock mass. The magnitude of surface of vibration velocity wave changed with charges of explosives and distance correspond to the change of blasting vibration energy. Furthermore, it is also used to illustrate the change of characteristic of rock mass and attenuation of the blasting vibration energy in rock mass. Similarly, the effect unit surface of vibration velocity on unit charges and distance can be used to comment unit blasting vibration energy in rock mass. Here, the calculation methods of the unit effect surface have been put forward. And the information of faults and its’ developing state in rock mass can also be illustrated through comparing the magnitude of the unit effect surface of the same point vibration velocity.In the last chapter, the affect factors of blasting vibration effects and its contr更多还原