【作者】 Hamadoun Bokar；

【导师】 汤洁；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 环境科学， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 长春是吉林省省会，坐落在东北平原中部，人口600万。最近十年地区经济发展迅速，这导致了人口的激增、工业的增长以及由此引发的城市供水的不足。同时，水污染、固体废弃物和污水排放等环境问题却又逐年增加。城市给水的45%来自地下水，饮用水主要来自城市东部和南部的石头口门水库和新立城水库。然而，随着地区建设的发展，地下水尤其是深井水也成为城区重要的饮用水源。但是长春市区多数地下水研究却还只停留在水利厅和环保局的年度或季度报告水平上。鉴于以上问题，笔者采取了资料收集、野外踏查、试验研究等方法（约两个月野外工作和两年的实验室研究）在2002-2004年期间对长春的地下水污染进行了研究。野外工作包括对井水、地表水的取样测试，污水排放处的总量监测以及GPS地理定位等，笔者采用了GIS及其它一些数据处理软件进行了图件的绘制和模型的建立等工作。 研究发现，工业废水和固体废物填埋场的垃圾渗滤液是长春市地下水污染的主要来源，因此废物填埋场周围监测井中的NO3 、总Fe及Mn2+要比其他地方高。城市地表 -水体中BOD5、高锰酸盐指数、NO3 、总Fe和Mn2+也比较高。地表监测资料表明，远 -离城市尤其靠近新立城水库和石头口门水库的地方受到污染的影响较小。从1991-1998年监测来看，大部分化学物质尤其位于浅层地下水中的化学物质的平均浓度普遍高于饮用水的标准。 水化学类型的确定是研究地下水污染的有效方法，当某一地区的地下水化学含量与环境背景值相差较大时，即可以看作地下水受到了某种程度的污染。笔者主要采用Piper三线图的方法来分析地下水的质量，从而将浅层和深层地下水分成四种水化学类型：1）HCO3 -Ca2+水和HCO3 -Ca2+, Mg2+水或 HCO3 -Mg2+, Ca2+水; 2) SO4 -Ca2+水和 - - - 2-SO4 -Ca2+, Mg2+水; 3) Cl- -Ca2+水; 4) CO3 - Na+水。因为Piper三线图没有反映任何地理<WP=153>信息，本研究采用了基于Piper三线图的GIS矢量图模型来研究地下水的水化学类型。这些地球化学类型表明，城市绝大部分地区无论浅层还是深层地下水都属重碳酸盐水。 对1991-1998年的双变量统计分析表明，无论在浅层还是在深层地下水中，NO3 与 -大多数离子，尤其Ca2+, Cl- 和 TDS有很强的正相关性。由于相关性分析仅揭示了离子对行为的相似性，但是并没有很好地说明离子团行为的相似性，所以笔者采用了要素分析的方法辅助解释数据的水文地球化学特性。要素分析法表明，Ca2+, Cl-, NO3 , -Mg2+, TH和TDS为“污染要素”，它们在大多数情况下产生的变异作用可以占到总污染物作用的30%。分析结果还表明长春市的北部和西部地区的地下水水污染较重。 基于中国地下水标准的污染指数分布图表明浅层地下水比深层地下水更易于受到污染，该区域污染指数范围值为4.25-7.2，1995年有51%的浅层监测井处于较差水质区域， 1996年为35%，1997年为24%，1998年竟高达71%，而同比位于该水域的深层监测井受污染比率1995年为19%，1996年为22%，1998年为48%。 笔者运用ArcView GIS空间分析的方法建立了评估长春市地下水污染脆弱度的两个模型，即DRASTIC模型和GOD模型。这两个模型都是进行运算的。DRASTIC模型表明该市绝大部分地区都处于中等脆弱带，GOD模型显示90%地区都位于中等脆弱带内。说明这两个模型有很强的正相关性。 研究还发现，人为过程尤其所排放污染物质的贡献对地下水质量的影响是非常大的。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Changchun City, capital of Jilin Province, is situated in the central part ofNortheast Plain of China. The population is about 6×106. The City has witnesseda rapid urbanization and economic growth over the last ten years. This has lead torapid increase in population, industries and consequently a deficit in water supply.In addition many environmental problems such as water pollution, solid wastesand sewage effluents management have been increased. Groundwater assuresabout 45 % of total water supply of the city. Drinking was mostly served bysurface water from Shitoukoumen and Xinlicheng reservoirs located in the eastand south of the city. However, with the development of urban construction thegroundwater especially from deep boreholes is also used for drinking purpose insuburban areas. Most of groundwater pollutions researches done in ChangchunCity remain the annual or sporadic reports provided by the Water Resourcesoffices or Environmental agencies. In light of the above-mentioned problems,this research on groundwater pollution was conducted in Changchun City from2002-2004. The main methodologies used to carry out this research include deskstudy, field works, laboratory works (about 2 months fieldwork, and 2 yearslaboratory works) .The field works include wells water, surface water and wastedumped sites monitoring inventory and geographical locations recording usingGPS. The GIS and statistical software were used for mapping and modeling<WP=150>works. From the research, it was clear that, industrial effluents and leachate fromsolid wastes disposal sites were the major sources of groundwater pollution inChangchun City therefore NO3 TFe and Mn2+ ions were higher in groundwater - ,monitoring wells near waste dumped sites. BOD, Permanganate Index, NO3 TFe - ,and Mn2+ were higher in surface water bodies inside the City. The surfacemonitoring sites, far from the city especially Shitoukoumen and Xinlichengreservoirs were less impacted by the pollution. The median concentrations values of most of chemical species monitoredfrom 1991 to 1998 especially for the shallow aquifer data were higher than thestandard for drinking water. The determination of hydrochemical facies type is a tool to controlgroundwater from pollution any deviation from background water facies can berelated to pollution. The most used tool to determine water quality is by plottingon Piper diagram, which determine 4 classes of water facies for both shallow anddeep groundwater: (1) HCO3 -Ca2+ and HCO3 -Ca2+, Mg2+ or HCO3 -Mg2+, Ca2+; - - -(2) SO4 -Ca2+and SO4 -Ca2+, Mg2+; (3) Cl--Ca2+; and (4) CO3 - Na+. Because of 2- 2- 2-Piper diagram does not have any geographical references, a GIS mapping modelbased on the piper diagram construction references were used here for mappingthe groundwater chemical type. The maps of geochemical facies showed thatHCO3 water type occupied the largest area of the city for both shallow and deep -groundwater data. Statistical bivariate analysis showed strong positive coefficient of correlationfor NO3 with most of the major ions specially Ca2+, Cl-, for both shallow and -deep groundwater from 1991 to 1998. Since correlation analysis revealssimilarities in the behavior of pairs of ions, and does not conveniently identifygroups of ions that behave similarly, factor analysis is carried out to help inhydrogeochemical interpretation of the data. The Factor analysis showed that 141<WP=151>Ca2+, Cl-, NO3 , Mg2+, TH and TDS were frequently loaded in Factor I which -represents in most of the cases more than 30% of total variances and termed as“Pollution Factor” .The results showed that the更多还原