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跨国公司跨国经营能力构建研究

The Study on the Building of Transnational Operating Capabilities of TNCs

【作者】 朱启铭

【导师】 宋醒民;

【作者基本信息】 江西财经大学 , 产业经济学, 2004, 博士

【摘要】 当代跨国公司在全球经济发展中扮演着重要的角色,在此过程中,跨国公司本身也显示出越来越鲜明的特征,这些特征都是跨国公司具有的强大的跨国经营能力的表现形式。跨国公司的跨国经营能力是指跨国公司跨越国界在全球范围内获取、组合与转移原始资源及使用能力资源展开竞争的能力。跨国经营能力的强弱决定了跨国公司是否能在全球竞争中获得竞争优势,对跨国公司跨国经营能力构建的研究是跨国公司发展机制研究的重要组成部分。 真正意义上的跨国公司理论出现于20世纪中叶的美国,当时跨国公司的实践活动为理论研究提出了要求同时也提供了条件。传统跨国公司理论可以按照四条主线进行划分,即以产业组织理论为基础、以国际贸易理论为基础、国际生产折衷理论及以企业管理和战略理论为基础。在以产业组织理论为基础的跨国公司理论中,垄断优势理论突破了传统国际经济学中市场完全竞争、信息充分和生产要素在国际间不能直接流动的假设前提,强调各种类型的市场不完全为企业带来的可在国与国之间转移的优势,并认为对外直接投资是企业利用这种优势的适宜方式;内部化理论则将交易费用概念引入到跨国公司理论研究中,特别强调中间产品市场特别是知识产品市场的不完全性,当企业利用内部市场来克服中间产品市场的不完全并且内部化其市场的范围跨越了国界时便产生了跨国公司。在以国际贸易理论为基础的跨国公司理论中,产品生命周期理论根据产品处于不同的发展阶段所决定的相对比较优势来解释跨国公司的对外经营行为,即随着产品从新产品阶段到成熟产品阶段再到标准化产品阶段,企业会根据技术、市场及生产成本等因素发生的变化而将产品生产安排在不同的国家进行,从而引起对外直接投资活动;边际产业扩张理论则认为应该将由生产成本决定的本国处于比较劣势的产业通过对外直接投资手段转移到国外,使对外投资和对外贸易成为互补关系。国际生产折衷理论也称三优势范式,是将垄断优势理论、内部化优势理论和区位优势理论用折衷的方法和体系进行综合而形成的一种解释企业对外直接投资行为的理论。以管理和战略理论为基础的跨国公司理论代表了跨国公司理论发展的一个新方向,这一类理论主要包括价值链理论及寡占反应论。现有跨国公司理论内容十分丰富,为后续研究提供了坚实的基础,但其缺陷也比较明显,即没有将跨国公司的存在机制研究和发展机制研究有效结合起来。 跨国公司的跨国经营行为总是与经营环境密切相关,经营环境一般由政治环境、经济环境、社会文化环境、科技环境及政策环境组成。当前经营环境的特点可以用经济全球化来简要概括,但影响经济全球化趋势的则有市场经济体制的实施、以互联网为代表的信息技术的发展、经济国界的淡化、跨国公司的国际生产体制、新的竞争者、全球性的产品和全球性的消费者及全球标准的确立等因素.跨国公司的跨国经营活动本质上是谋求企业特有的外部环境、企业内部条件和企业经营目标三者之间的动态平衡的一系列行为的集合。跨国公司经营目标的确立对于其构建跨国经营能力的行为具有十分重要的导向作用。因此,确立企业价值最大化作为跨国公司经营的一般性目标是从整体上把握跨国经营能力构建的必要前提,同时理解其经营目标的特殊性和动态性则有助于对于各类具体构建跨国经营能力的行为的分析.外部经营环境和企业的经营目标共同决定了跨国公司的跨国经营能力必须符合一定的标准,这些标准包括有助于实现经营目标、有助于建立可持续竞争优势、具有独特性、易于自我复制及能力本身的持续性。 基于资源的企业理论认为,跨国公司跨国经营能力的构建过程就是运作各类企业资源的过程.出于对跨国经营能力构建研究的需要可将跨国公司的资源分为原始资源和能力资源,前者指企业拥有但未经组合和重新配置的资源,它们具有独立的形态,是跨国经营能力形成的基本要素,后者指原始资源经企业组合与转移后形成的不再具有原始资源形态的资源,是跨国公司能力的实际表现.在明确界定了跨国公司的资源后,我们便可以在市场不完全理论、交易费用理论和企业行为理论的基础上对企业运作资源的行为展开分析。 获取原始资源是跨国公司构建跨国经营能力的起点,跨国公司跨国经营的特点决定其获取技术资源、人力资源和财务资源时在过程和方法上具有明显的特征。 在技术资源获取方面,决定跨国公司技术资源需求的有三个维度,即技术一一业务联系、技术选择的领域和技术跨国扩散的难易程度,这三个维度本质上体现了跨国公司经营范围跨越国界后产品市场和技术市场交易成本的增加以及全球化水平和当地化水平的均衡要求.跨国公司获取技术资源的过程就是实现技术投资的过程,因此,按照一定准则确定的技术投资项目组合便决定了跨国公司应该获取什么样的技术资源.获取技术资源的方式一般有自主开发、外包性开发和购买,其中购买方式是一般的市场交易行为,而在自主开发和外包性开发之间进行选择则依赖于企业自身的技术定位和技术投资项目组合对于企业的重要性.跨国公司研发活动国际化是跨国公司在全球范围内获取技术资源的一?

【Abstract】 The contemporary Transnational Corporations (TNCs) are playing an important role in the global economic development. Meanwhile, the TNCs are showing obvious characteristics, the forms of expression of their strong transnational operating capabilities. The transnational operating capabilities of TNCs are defined as the capabilities to acquire, combine and transfer original resources and apply the capability resources to compete with competitors in a scope wider than one country. It is the transnational operating capabilities that determine whether or not a TNC can gain the competitive advantages in the global competition. The study on the building of the transnational operating capabilities of TNCs is an important part of the studies of the developing mechanisms of TNCs.1The real theory about TNCs emerged in the middle of the 20th century in the United States. At that time the practice of TNCs called for the theories of TNCs and also provided the researchers with the necessary conditions of studies. The traditional theories can be divided into four categories, ie the theories based on the industrial organization theory, the theories based on the international trade theory, the eclectic theory of international production and the theories based on the management and strategy theory. In the first category, the theory of monopolistic advantage makes a breakthrough in the hypotheses of perfect competition, sufficient information and immobility of productive factors between countries. This theory puts its emphasis on the advantages which are brought to an enterprise by various imperfect markets and can be transferred from one country to another and makes a proposition that the foreign direct investment is a favorable method for the enterprise to exploit these advantages. The theory of intemalization incorporates the concept of transaction cost into the TNC theory and particularly emphasizes the imperfection of intermediary markets especially the market of knowledge product. According to this theory, an enterprise becomes a TNC when it uses its internal market to overcome this kind of market imperfection and the intemalization goes beyond one country. In the second category, the product cycle hypothesis explains the foreign operating behaviors of TNCs by the comparative advantages that an enterprise possesses when its products are at different stages. An enterprise arranges its production in different countries according to the technology, market and cost conditions in new product stage, maturing product stage and standardized product stage, thus foreign direct investment takes place. The marginal industry expansion theory is a theoretical framework which supposes that a domesticindustry with the comparative disadvantage, decided by higher production cost in mother country than in host country, should be transferred to the host country. Foreign investment and foreign trade are complementary. The eclectic theory of international production, also known as the three advantages paradigm, combines the theory of monopolistic advantage, the theory of internalization and the theory of location advantage into a system with an eclectic method, thus forms a theory to explain the foreign direct investment behaviors of an enterprise. The last category, mainly including the value chain theory and the oligopolistic reaction theory, represents a new direction of development of the TNC theory. Because of the abundant achievements, the existing theories about TNCs pave a broad way for the succeeding studies in this area. But there is a clear shortcoming in these theories. They fail to integrate the study of the existing mechanisms of TNCs with the study of the developing mechanisms of TNCs effectively.The transnational operating behaviors of TNCs are always related with the operating environment that consists of political environment, economic environment, social and cultural environment, scientific and technological environment and policy environment. The characteristic of the current operating environment can be simply expressed b

  • 【分类号】F276.7
  • 【被引频次】7
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