【作者】 王翠红；

【导师】 张金屯；

【作者基本信息】 山西大学 ， 环境科学， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 生物多样性是当今生物学研究的热点问题之一，生物多样性的形成机制和分布格局以及保护利用问题一直是生物学和环境科学所研究的重要内容，本文由此出发，以中国(台湾除外)陆地为研究区域，通过植物多样性数据、动物多样性数据、地理因子、气候因子、能量因子等资料，利用MAPGIS、MAPINFO等GIS软件，SPSS、DPS等统计学软件以及CANOCO等生态学软件，将中国陆地划分为241个小区，分析了各区内的环境特点，统计了各区内生物多样性的数量，并绘出环境因子等值线图，中国陆地种子植物科、属、种，裸子植物种、蕨类植物种、兽类、鸟类、爬行类、两栖类种数的等值线分布图，对中国陆地植物、动物多样性现状、分布格局及与环境因子的关系进行了研究。 论述了国内外关于生物多样性的概念及主要研究内容，探讨了保护生物多样性的意义和中国生物多样性现状及濒危状况，分析了中国保护生物多样性的迫切性。中国地域辽阔，生态系统类型多样，决定了中国是世界上生物多样性最丰富的国家之一，我国目前已知种子植物30000余种，兽类581种，鸟类1244种，爬行类376种，两栖类284种。我国不仅生物物种多，而且特有程度高，生物区系起源古老。但由于中国人口众多，加之环境污染、历史上的滥伐森林、毁草开荒，滥捕滥猎等人为因素，造成中国生物多样性数量不断减少，全国濒危和受威胁的高等植物种数约4500种，兽类134种，鸟类182种，爬行类17种，两栖类7种，高于世界平均水平。所以在中国保护生物多样性已成为保护中国生态安全的当务之急。 通过CANOCO软件包和SPSS、DPS等统计学软件的分析，研究了中国大陆植物多样性分布格局及其与环境因子的关系，研究结果表明，通过分类和聚类方法，中国植物多样性分布可分为七个大区，分别代表植物种类丰富度非常高、比较高、高、中等、较低、低和很低。DCA排序第一轴表现了一个综合的环境梯度，即从左到右，降水、湿度、热量、初级生产力、潜在蒸发量逐渐增强，DCA第二轴反应了海拔和经度的变化，即从上到下，海拔降低、经度增加。而植物多样性沿DCA第一轴从左到右，呈现增加的趋势。被子植物与蕨类植物丰富度在DCA第一轴上具有一致的排序特征，即呈现对数增长模型，而裸子植物丰富度的变化随水热条件的增加而改变的很小，但到高热量、高水分条件下，丰富度迅速的增加，呈幂指数增长趋势。DCCA和CCA排序也显示了和DCA一致的结果，同时证明，决定中国陆地植物多样性分布格局的环境因素主要是初级生产力，而寒冷指数(即低温)对多样性的限制作用要大于高温和年均温的作用。在大的地理区域内，植物山西大学博士学位论文多样性受纬度影响最大，而青藏高原的植物多样性又有其独特的分布格局。灰色关联度分析表明，在时间尺度上，对植物多样性影响强烈的是初级生产力、年均降水量、相对湿度、1月均温和潜在蒸发量这几个因子的变化。 采用与植物多样性分布格局一样的研究方法，研究了中国陆地陆栖脊椎动物兽类、鸟类、爬行类、两栖类的分布格局，用TWINSPAN对中国241个小区的陆栖脊椎动物多样性进行分析，共分为7个多样性格局，在TWINSPAN分类图中，从左到右，两栖类和爬行类种数逐渐增加，而两栖类和爬行类的分布主要受水分和热量的限制，所以，这一分类也反映了由高纬度的内陆向低纬度沿海过渡的趋势，同时兽类和鸟类也有增加的趋势。通过D以排序表明，D以第一轴与多个环境因子均呈显著相关，其中与经度、年均温、年均降水量、年均相对湿度、潜在蒸发量、初级生产力呈正相关，与纬度、海拔、年均风速、寒冷指数、年均日照率呈负相关。两栖类和爬行类动物的多样性在DCA第一轴上呈现一致的变化规律，即幂指数增长模型，而兽类、鸟类多样性在DCA第一轴上的变化规律不明显。CCA和DCCA排序表明，影响中国陆栖脊椎动物分布格局的主要因素是地理因子，特别是纬度和经度，从四大类陆栖脊椎动物在DCA第一轴上的分布情况和陆栖脊椎动物的DCCA排序图看，爬行类与两栖类的分布格局与水热条件的变化呈更明显的相关性，而兽类和鸟类的分布受经度和海拔的影响较为明显。灰色关联度分析表明，时间尺度上，兽类丰富度受7月降水量、年均降水量、绝对最低温度、初级生产力、相对湿度的变化影响最为强烈。鸟类丰富度受7月降水量、经度、7月相对湿度、年均降水量和无霜期变化影响大。影响两栖类和爬行类丰富度的环境变量是年均降水量、初级生产力、绝对最低温度、1月均温和1月降水量的变化。 通过自然保护区面积和生物多样性关系的研究，证明我国物种多样性与保护区面积的自然对数符合岛屿地理生物模型。在我国，植物多样性保护区面积应大于300Oha，动物多样性保护区应大于30000ha。 根据种子植物属的区系地理成分，中国陆地热带区系成分主要分布于北纬30“以南，这一植物多样性高的区域，种属比相对较低，生境类型多样。中纬度地区，以温带成分占多数，水分条件好的区域，泛热带成分为第二优势成分，水分条件差的地区以旧世界温带成分为第二优势成分。在降水量少、蒸发强烈的西北地区，以温带成分占更多还原

【Abstract】 Biodiversity is one of the front areas of current biological research. The mechanisms of the formation, spatial distribution pattern, conservation and utilization of biodiversity have been an important area of biological and environmental research. In this study, through analyses of data about plant diversity, animal diversity, geographic factors, climatic factors, and energy factors by use of GIS software( MAPGIS and MAPINFO), statistic software(SPSS and DPS) and ecology software(CANOCO), the mainland of China was divided into 241 small districts of 2° by 2° . The environmental factors in each district were analyzed and isopleth maps of environmental elements were depicted. The isopleth maps of the number of families, genera and species of flowering plants, number of species of conifers, and number of species of ferns as well as those of mammals, birds, reptilians and amphibians were drawn. The current pattern of distribution of the flora and animal diversity in China and their relationship with environmental elements were analyzed. The major conclusions of this study are as follows.In this study, we adopted the concepts and used the state-of-the-art tools in this field to investigate the current situation and emphasized the importance and emergent necessity of protection of biodiversity in our country. China is geographically large and has variegated ecosystems, and this has made it one of the countries with the richest biodiversity in the world. More than 30000 species of seed plants, 581 species of mammals, 1244 species of birds, 376 species of reptilians, and 284 species amphibians have been identified. The biodiversity in our country is not only rich but also unique. Moreover the origin of the flora and fauna in China is old. However, because of the huge population and environmental pollution, and uncontrolled deforestation and hunting, the biodiversity in China has been decreasing quickly. About 4500 species of higher plants, 134 species of mammals, 187 species of birds, 17 species of reptilians and 7 species of amphibians are highly endangered or endangered, which is over the world average level. This has made it urgent to conserve the biodiversity.The relationships between the spatial distribution pattern of plant diversity and environmental elements were studied with such software as CANOCO, SPSS and DPS. Through classification and clustering analyses by using Cluster, we divided the China’s mainland into 7 large-regions representing different plant richness areas from very high to very low. The first axis of DCAordination reflects a synthetic environmental gradient, positively correlated with precipitation, humidity, heating, primary productivity, and potential evaporation etc. The second axis of DCA represents changes in altitude and longitude. The diversity of plants has a trend of increase along the first axis. The abundance of flowering plants and ferns is increased exponentially along it, and that of conifers change a little under low heat and water conditions, while the abundance of conifers increased exponentially along the axis under high heat and water conditions. DCCA and CCA showed the similar results as that of DCA. Meanwhile, we proved that the major factor that determines the distribution of plants in China is the primary productivity. The cold index (the lowest temperature) plays a more important role than the highest temperature and the annual mean temperature in restricting the diversity of plants. Within a large geographic scale, the diversity of plants is mainly influenced by latitude, while that of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau has its unique pattern of distribution. Grey correlation analyses show that at the time axis, the factors influencing the diversity of plants strongly are primary productivity, annual precipitation, relative humidity, mean temperature in January, and potential evaporation etc.The spatial distribution pattern of terrestrial vertebrates including mammals, birds, reptilians and amphibians were studied with methods similar to those for plants. 7 d更多还原