【作者】 乔家君；

【导师】 李小建；

【作者基本信息】 河南大学 ， 人文地理学， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 借助地理学、数学、物理学、生态学、系统科学等有关学科理论，根据实地调查的大量农户数据，从微观视角对村域人地关系系统进行了定量分析，用人地关系系统熵来表征人地关系系统的状态函数，用熵变来反映人地关系系统的发展变化，用熵流来表示人地关系系统各空间型式地域主体之间的流动。从微观地域、微观个体视角，提出了村域人地关系系统相应的调控措施。全文除前言外，共分为七大部分。 第一部分，综述有关人地关系研究成果，在介绍有关基本概念的基础上，对区域人地关系系统的研究文献进行相关评述，对国内外人地关系的思想变迁进行了梳理，并概述了人地关系系统的研究内容、特征、结构、功能及其影响因素等。在界定村域人地关系系统的边界、尺度、基本组分、结构与功能、状态与演进的基础上，阐明了微观视角、自然村域、调研农户选取的科学依据，并对调研村域的人地关系状况做以简要介绍。最后介绍了本文的数据来源及其数据处理等。 第二部分，量化分析了村域人地关系系统中的人类活动无序度。以对环境的负面影响为标准选取了反映村域农户活动无序程度的52个相关指标，采用改进的熵值法进行指标体系的赋权，通过设计的农户活动无序度模型，量化评估了调研村域的农户活动无序度。分析结果显示，在村域农户活动类型中，以工业生产活动对环境所产生的无序影响最大，其次为农户商业等活动、农业生产活动、农户自生产与生活活动；吴沟村、滹沱村、孝南村1990年、2002年农户活动无序度均表现出依次增大的特点；在农户季节活动变化中，吴沟村、滹沱村农户活动主要集中于两个传统的农忙季节，而孝南村则相反，在传统的农忙季节里，农户活动强度反而较小，而在春节前后，农户活动则较为频繁；在农户活动月份差异中，滹沱村最大，吴沟村其次，孝南村最小；在农户活动年际变化中，孝南村变化最大，其次为吴沟村，滹沱村最小。 第三部分，村域承载容量受制于自然环境、自然资源及由人类所创造的历史积淀的人文承载量等。本文研究表明，吴沟村、滹沱村、孝南村的承载容量依次增大。在1990年村域承载容量的结构中，自然承载、人文承载贡献相当，到2002年，人文承载贡献明显增强。1990至2002年村域承载容量变化中，吴沟村、滹沱村、孝南村的承载容量均有不同程度的增长，其中，孝南村增长最大，滹沱村其次，吴沟村最小。在承载容量结构的变化中，人文承载增长更快。就本文所选指标、所选方法的总体评价效果而言，村域人文承载容量的增加大于其自然承载容量的损失量。而三个村域的差异在明显扩大。 第四部分，描述了村域人地关系系统的状态与动态变化。村域人地关系系统具有耗散结构特征，在人地关系系统态函数——系统熵基础上，提出了人地关系系统变化的判据——熵变。村域人地关系系统各地域空间之间存在着不同形式的熵流，进而影响着村域人地系统的状态与动态变化。在所调研的三个村域中，2002年村域人地关系系统嫡的总体平均水平为负值，表明，对调研村域人地系统整体来说，村域的人类活动无序程度目前还没有超出村域的承载容量。其中，溥沱村人地关系系统相对和谐，吴沟村人地关系系统也较协调，而孝南村人地关系系统则相对失调。2002年，溥沱村人地关系系统最富有弹性，孝南村其次，吴沟村最小。在村域人地关系系统变化中，调研村域系统嫡值有一定增大，说明调研村域人地关系基本上是朝向不可持续方向发展的。从各项环境监测指标的数据变化中也可证实这一点。其中，吴沟村退化程度最大，孝南村其次，淖沱村最小。三个调研村域人地关系系统变化的瓶颈因素有显著差异，吴沟村为水资源医乏，淖沱村为小农意识浓厚，孝南村则受制于新技术的应用不足及不合理的产业结构等。 第五部分，在所调研村域，农田系统是村域人地关系的重要反映之一，从农田地块投入产出及效率视角，探寻了相应的变化特征。研究表明，地形因子(如农田地块的高程、坡度、坡向、坡型、坡位等)对村域农田系统能量投入产出效率的影响有显著差异，呈现出一定的变化特征。吴沟村、淖沱村、孝南村三个村域的农田系统效率依次降低，其相应的农田系统产投比依次为0.50:1、2.41:l、7.92:1。研究发现，调研村域不同作物种植的农田系统类型中，玉米的产投比均大于小麦，但三村差异显著:吴沟村>溥沱村>孝南村。在水浇地、菜地、旱平地、早坡地等类型地块中，农田系统能量产投效率依次降低，即水浇地>菜地>旱平地>旱坡地;其产投比依次为3.29、2.92、2.49、0.40。研究发现，农民对农田的投入在一定程度上与农民的经济收入呈现负相关关系，即农户的非农业收入越低，对农田的投入也就越多。 第六部分，村域人地关系系统调控，从微观个体(农户、企业、地方政府)视角，制定相应的调控方案。农家庭院对村域人地系统起到重要作用，建议发展庭院经济、绿化庭院空间、丰富庭院文化等。农田对调研村域起着重要作用，建议要制定相应的农田措施，如:合理的农田种植结构、执行秸秆还田、广泛采用节水技术等。在地方企业管理中，要加强企业绿色生产、改进管更多还原

【Abstract】 By using theories from the relevant disciplines such as geography, mathematics, physics, ecology, and system sciences, this thesis develops a framework employing the concept of system entropy to represent the state function of the man-earth relationship system. In this framework the entropy change is used to show the development change of the system, and the entropy flow to express the flow among the spatial parts of the system. Following the framework, and based on a large set of household data from surveys, the thesis makes a quantitative analysis of the village-level man-earth relationship system from a micro-perspective. After a theoretical investigation, the thesis then suggests corresponding strategies to balance the unbalance trend of the village man-earth system from both perspectives of small-area and individuals. Apart from the introduction, it is divided into seven parts.First part reviews the study achievements on the man-earth relationship. On the basis of the introduction of the main concepts relative to the man-earth relationship system, this part reviews the current literature on this subject, delineate the ideological thread that runs through development of the man-earth relationship both in China and in the Western countries, and summarizes its study content, character, structure, function and effect factors and so on. Then after defining the boundary, scale, basic parts, structure and function, condition and evolution of the village man-earth relationship systems, the paper provides scientific accounting for choosing the micro-space perspective, in terms of the nature village and the survey household. This is followed by a brief introduction to three villages (Wugou, Hutuo, Xiaonan villages) investigated in this paper, explaining data origins and data processing and so on.Part two makes a quantitative analysis on the disorder extent of human activity of the village man-earth relationship systems in the three villages investigated. Taking the negative effect as standard which the household activity puts on its environment, the author designs a index system to reflect the disorder extent of household activities in the villages, which consists of four groups and 52 indicators. In accordance with conditions of entropy method and the present condition, the improved entropy method is adopted to assess the index weightiness. By using the model of the disorder extent of household activity, the disorder extent of household activity in study villages was evaluated. The analyzing results show that, in four types of household activities in the scope of village, the disorder effect generated by the secondary industry is strongest, which by commerce and service activities is stronger, and which by agricultural activity is strong, and which generated by household reproduction and live activity is relatively weak. From 1990 to 2002, the disorder extent of household activities in three villages becomes increasing in turn. In terms of their seasonal change,the household activities of Wugou and Hutuo village mostly fasten on two traditional busy seasons in agriculture, however Xiaonan village is in the other way, that is to say, the intensity of household activities is weak in the traditional busy seasons, which is strong around Chinese New Year. In terms of monthly diversity of household activities, Hutuo village is greatest, Wugou village is greater, and Xiaonan village is relatively weak. In terms of annual diversity of household activities, the change of Xiaonan village is greatest, following by Wugou village, and Hutuo village.Part three analyzes the village’s carrying capacity. Carrying capacity is subject to natural environment, nature resource and human activities. Results show that the carrying capacity of three villages rises in turn in the year of 2002. In the structure of the village carrying capacity, the contribution extent of nature carrying capacity is almost equal to the one of human carrying capacity in 1990; however the share of the later has risen up in evidence in the year更多还原