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公司审计与专家责任

【作者】 周学峰

【导师】 方流芳;

【作者基本信息】 中国政法大学 , 民商法学, 2004, 博士

【摘要】 本论文所要研究的中心问题是:现行公司审计的制度模式会对审计师产生什么样的激励,有关审计师专家责任规则及相关规则又会对审计师的行为、审计制度的运行产生哪些影响。论文共分八章。第一章,导论。介绍论文的选题动机,准备研究的主要问题、研究方法和论文结构,并对国内外已有的相关研究文献进行综述。第二章,公司审计制度的理论分析。本章主要围绕审计师的角色定位展开,通过对审计师与股东、投资者、上市公司及其内部控制者、监管机构之间的利益交换与策略选择进行分析,旨在揭示在现行制度模式下,审计师缺乏保持独立性的激励,会在一定程度上偏离独立性,选择与上市公司及其内部控制者合作而背离其他当事人的期望。第三章,英美公司审计制度的发展历程。公司审计制度并非中国所固有的制度,而是从英美国家移植而来的。本章从历史的角度分别考察了英国和美国的公司审计制度的发展历程。研究发现:公司审计本质上是委托——代理经济发展到一定阶段的产物,是为克服信息不对称而出现的,是为了满足公司间信用竞争的需要、公司内部人获取外部人信任的需要、公司高管人员和承销商免除自身法律责任的需要而产生的。将公司审计予以法定化是立法者对财务欺诈和经济危机的一种回应,它强化了审计师对公司外部股东和投资者效忠的义务,也由此产生了审计独立性的问题。第四章,中国公司审计制度的历史与现状。同英美国家相比,公司审计制度在中国的出现,更多地体现了理性建构的色彩,而市场自发的动力不足。中国的证券市场因政府的高度管制而发生了扭曲和变形。在市场受到扭曲、声誉机制难以发挥作用的情况下,审计师缺乏独立性和公司财务信息失真的问题在中国目前条件下表现得更为突出。第五章,审计师的专家责任。本章重点论述了三个问题:审计师对第三人的责任范围、审计师过错的认定标准和因果关系的证明。研究发现:单纯从实体法的角度看,审计师在我国所面临的民事赔偿责任无疑是巨大的,要远远超出英美国家,但现实情况恰好相反,这主要是因为诉讼程序法上的差异造成的。本文主张:应一方面放松民事诉讼上的限制,另一方面在实体法上对审计师的民事责任作出适当的限制,从而将审计师置于一个合理的责任水平下。第六章,专家责任与责任保险。责任保险的出现,对专家责任和审计师的执业行为产生了巨大的影响,而且这种影响是全方位的,它对专家责任的功能、责任的<WP=5>扩张、民事诉讼和行业规制都产生了影响。一方面,责任保险能够增强审计师(被保险人)的信用,降低审计师的执业风险;另一方面,责任保险也有可能产生负面影响,弱化专家责任的阻却功能,进而有可能导致更多的事故的发生。对责任保险的价值的评判取决于被保险人的风险厌恶程度和支付能力、保险人监测被保险人时所面临的信息成本、保险合同的安排、保险人和被保险人所面临的市场约束等因素。第七章,专家责任与会计师事务所的组织形式。会计师事务所的组织形式决定了注册会计师对专家责任的承担方式。从责任承担方式的角度来看会计师事务所的组织形式,可以发现:中国的会计师事务所是从有限责任制向合伙制方向推进的,而美国的会计师事务所则是从无限责任从有限责任方向推进的。中国的会计师事务所之所以多数都选择了有限责任制的组织形式,除了民事责任方面的考虑外,还与国家的经济体制、中国注册会计师业的职业传统和长期以来所沿用的管理体制有密切关系。强制有限责任制的会计师事务所改制为合伙制并没有充分理由,应当允许当事人自由选择。第八章,结论。主要有以下四点:1、在目前的公司审计制度模式下,政府和公众对审计师独立性的要求与审计师所面临的激励结构是不相容的,这是公司审计制度所固有的缺陷。2、由于审计师所面临的市场约束不足,公司审计制度的固有缺陷在中国表现得更为突出。3、在目前的制度安排下,公司审计制度的固有缺陷是难以通过审计师专家责任规则来弥补的。4、我们需要对目前所实行的严重依赖公司财务会计指标的证券市场管制体系的科学性进行反思。

【Abstract】 The auditor serves a key role in our society by certifying public company’s financial statements. The audit report is relied upon by investors, shareholders, and creditors as a valuable tool to help them to make trade decisions. However, recent accounting and auditing scandals suggested that the auditor didn’t fulfill its function properly. What’s wrong with the auditor, Can strengthening the auditor’s professional liability cure it? The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the auditor’s incentive structure under the current framework of company audit, and the influence of the rule of professional liability on the behavior of the auditor. This dissertation is divided into eight chapters. Chapter One is the introduction of the dissertation. The other parts are as follows.Chapter Two analyzes the incentive structure of the auditor under the current legal framework of company audit. The legislature expects the auditor to act as watchdog for the public interests, but the auditor cannot maintain independence when it faces the conflict of interests under the current framework of company audit.Chapter Three describes the history of company audit in Britain and U.S.. The history shows that company audit emerged as a response to the problem of asymmetric information and financial fraud. The experience of U.S. shows that it is difficult to solve the problem of auditor independence by increased regulation.Chapter Four describes the history of company audit in China, and analyzes the demand and the supply of audit service. China’s capital market is heavily regulated and the statutory company audit is one of the products of government regulations. Under the heavy regulation, the market mechanism cannot work properly and the auditor lacks the incentive to keep the reputation of objectivity and independence. Chapter Five analyzes the legal rules of auditor’s professional liability to third parties. The research finds that it is difficult to deter the auditor’s malpractice by strengthening the auditor’s professional liability under the current legal framework. Chapter Six analyzes the impact of liability insurance on the function of professional liability, the expansion of professional liability, the litigation process, and the professional regulation. The impact of liability insurance on the auditor’s professional liability is profound. Whether the liability insurance can enhance or undermine the functions of <WP=7>professional liability depends on the ability of insurer to monitor the behavior of the insured.Chapter Seven compares the evolution of organizational form of accounting firms in China with that in U.S., and analyses the relationship between professional liability and the choice of organizational form of accounting firms. We recommend that accountant should be allowed to choose freely the organizational form of accounting firm.Chapter Eight concludes that it is difficult to deter the auditor’s malpractice or to change the auditor’s incentive structure by strengthening the auditor’s professional liability under the current legal framework of company audit.

  • 【分类号】F239.4;D912.2
  • 【被引频次】11
  • 【下载频次】968
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