【作者】 王孜弘；

【导师】 谈世中；

【作者基本信息】 中国社会科学院研究生院 ， 世界经济， 2003， 博士

【摘要】 有效利用外资是发展中国家取得经济成功的重要条件之一，而吸引外资的主要途径又是开放市场。美资拥有发展中国家所需要的资金、技术、管理等要素，在运作方面也体现了先进生产力与现代资本的基本特征。正确处理与美资的关系，有益于正确处理与其他发达国家资本的关系，有益于利用外部要素发展本国经济。这使得对美资与发展中国家市场的关系的研究成为必要。 对于资本所有者而言，市场的意义主要在于通过提供需求，从而获得利益的机会。在决定市场规模方面，出售产品的商品市场、进行生产性投入的直接投资市场，及进行筹资与投资的资本市场的作用致关重大。三类市场基本体现了通过市场进行的双边经济关系的主要内容。不同的市场均受其所处环境的影响。 对于多数发展中国家而言，较低的收入状况与落后的农业制约了其市场的发展。人口问题对市场的影响较为复杂。但总体而言，人多市场大的观点未必成立。教育的落后与不平衡也妨碍着市场的发展。缺乏有效的政法体制也对市场运转产生消极影响。在外部环境方面，发展中国家市场与其经济状况一样呈现出某种依附性。综合地看，多数发展中国家市场属于情况较为复杂，不定因素较多，开发成本较高的市场，尽管这一市场潜力较大。 美资对发展中国家市场的开拓主要集于三个领域，一是通过双边贸易开拓商品市场，二是通过直接投资开拓直接投资市场，三是通过金融业务介入资本市场。 主要国际贸易理论的观点在美国与发展中国家的贸易中均有所体现。这表明发展中国家与美国间的贸易状况的必然性，也表明发展中国家是美资的重要市场。技术进步推动下国际分工的发展，使人口对需求的影响缩小，技术条件、收入状况、及资本流动条件等因素对需求的影响上升。对于美资而言，人口与市场间并无正相关的关系。这在某种程度上决定了美资的市场仍以发达国家为主，但发展中国家市场不可忽视。 不同的投资理论表明了美资对外直接投资的必然性，其中包括对发展中国家进行直接投资的必然性。这本身即已表明发展中国家是美资的重要对外直接投资市场。不同的评估方法则表明对于美资而言，发展中国家的直接投资环境人多远不如发达国家。尽管发展中国家劳动力丰富，但劳动力密集型的投资与管理并非美资所长。在实践中，美资更多地投资于工资水平相对较高的发达国家，而不是投于劳动力丰富，工资水平较低的发展中国家与地区。即使在发展中国家与地区的投资，也更多地投于工资水平相对较高的相对发达的发展中国家国家与地区。 资本市场主要涉及银行与证券两方面。美资银债权分布从一个侧面表明，尽管发达国家市场更为重要，但发展中国家也是其重要市场。发展中国家证券市场的发展与开放，已使美资有更多的机会介入。发展中国家的经济发展会使美资得到更多的机会。但在资本市场方面，发展中国家所拥有的资源、人口、地域、劳动力等所谓优势的作用更为有限，而其经济与社会中存在的一些无序现象等也影响着美资的介入。此外，在资本市场的开放与介入方面，双方都持相对谨慎态度。 尽管发展中国家上述三方面市场对于美资而言是有限的，但这并不意味着发展中国家市场无足轻重。发展中国家经济发展使其市场潜力正逐步成为现实。发展中国家进行的使经济更为自由化与开放的调整，也使包括美资在内的外资获得了更多的机会。建设中的发展中国家市场不仅使美资得到获取利益的机会，且还使美国得到影响发展中国家规则与秩序的机会。为使建设中的发展中国家市场在更大的范围内接受与形成有利于美国的标准与规则，美国有必要对发展中国家市场进行更多的介入。而双方对开放市场的重新认识，以及国际磋商与协调机制的进一步完善，则有助于发展中国家市场在开放中更有规则，自然也提高了其对美国资本的吸引力。 开放中的发展中国家市场处于世界经济秩序的影响之下。世界银行、国际货币基金组织、关税与贸易总协定及世界贸易组织的规则不能含概国际经济秩序的全部，但对这一秩序有决定性的影响，构成经济秩序的主体内容。世界银行及国际货币基金组织作为金融机构，以资金实力决定影响力，因此发达国家处于主导地位，尽管发展中国家能够从中获益。关税与贸易总协定及世界贸易组织则并非以资本论实力和组织，因此能更多地体现所谓平等。相比之下，世界贸易组织在维护中小国利益方面比关税与贸易总协定更有效力。美国与发展中国家在规则制定方面的分歧或许体现了前者谋求白身利益与后者争取公正的关系，但也体现了生产力水平差异对秩序的要求，甚至体现了发展中国家近期利益与长远利益的不同。发达国家与发展中国家实行同一标准的时间表的不同则表明了双方远期利益的一致性。 发展中国家市场面临的不仅是开放问题，且更重要的是建设问题。开放仅是建设中的一部分。市场建设中的首要问题是确立有益于市场运转的理念与规则。在理念一时难以形成的情况下，应首先建立与维护市场运转所必要的规则。市场建设不可能在封闭条件下进行。为此更应充分认识所谓外部冲击与国际经济秩序的影响。实际情况表明，被认为是流动性较?更多还原

【Abstract】 Utilizing foreign capital effectively is one of the important conditions for developing countries to achieve success in economic construction. One of the main methods to get foreign capital is opening market. American capital has what developing countries need, such as funds, technology, and management. The operation of American capital reflects the main characters of modern capital. Dealing with American capital correctly is useful in dealing with capital from other developed countries in a right way. This is also useful in taking advantage of foreign elements to develop national economy. Therefore, researching the relationship between the American capital and the markets in developing countries is necessary.For the capital owner, market means opportunity in which one can get interest through supplying the market with what is demanded. The commodity market for selling, direct investment market for productive input, and the capital market for raising and investing are decisive in deciding the scale of the whole market. Basically, the three kinds of markets reflect the main content of bilateral economic relation on markets. The markets mentioned above are affected by the environment.The market development in most of developing countries is limited by low-income status and poor agriculture. The effect of population on market is a complex one. Generally speaking, the opinion that large population means large market may not be right. The state of backward and imbalance in education have also hampered the market development. The shortage of effective political-legal system has negative influence on market operation. As far as external environment is concerned, the markets in developing countries show appendage to some degree, just as their economy. Comprehensively, the markets in most developing countries are complicated and unsteady. The development cost of those markets is high, though the market potentiality is very great.In opening the market in developing countries, American capital is concentrated mainly on three fields: (l)opening commodity market through bilateral trading, (2)exploiting direct investment market by direct investment, and(3)entering the capital market through financial business.The important opinions of main theories on international trade are reflected in trading between the United States and developing countries. This means the trading status between the United States and developing countries is inevitable. And it also means that developing countries are important markets for American capital. The international division of labor promoted by technology progress has made the population effect on demand decreased. Meanwhile the effect of technology condition, income status, and capital flow condition on demand has been increasing. There is no positive relation between the population and the market for American capital. This means that the major markets of American capital are mainly in developed countries though the markets in developing countries should not be neglected.Various investment theories show the necessity of foreign direct investment by American capital, including direct investment in developing countries by American capital. This also means that developing countries are important direct investment markets of American capital abroad. Different kinds of assessment methods show that for American capital, the environments of direct investment in most of developing countries are not as good as that in developed countries. Though developing countries are rich in labor, American capital is not good at labor-intensive investment and management relatively. In fact, most of American foreign direct investment is concentrated in developed countries with high salary, not in developing countries and areas with rich labor and low salary. Even American investors invested in developing countries and areas, the most part of the investment is concentrated in relatively developed countries and areas with relatively high salary.Capital market mainly comprises banking and security business. T更多还原