白银与近代中国经济（1890-1935）

【作者】 戴建兵；

【导师】 吴景平；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2003， 博士

【摘要】 本文依经济学理论，对中国近代的货币、货币与近代金融机构、货币与近代宏观经济，以及近代不同的经济发展道路进行了论述。 本文认为中国近代没有严格意义上的货币本位，中国近代有的是白银核心型的货币体系，这种货币体系是动态、立体的，其发展的趋势是银本位。 由于货币制度对金融体系的产生和发展有着一定的影响，因而近代货币体系与中国近代的金融体系的产生、发展、格局形成有着十分密切的关系，外商银行由于掌握中国近代白银的进出口从而具有一定的隐性的中央银行的性质，而钱庄由于对以清算权和货币市场定价权的掌握也分润中央银行的机制。近代国内银行是随着银元地位的日益强大及国外白银的大量流入而日渐发展起来的，同时这种发展表现着十分明显的财政性或政府属性。而近代中国黄金市场和外汇市场均是附属于白银市场的次级市场。 在中国白银核心型的货币体系向银本位发展收缩的过程中，国际货币体系也经历了金本位的发展、成熟及嬗变的过程，因而国际银价与中国国内的货币宏观供给有着十分必然的联系，同时使中国经济在币制层面上与国际经济既有联系（如金银比价），又各有特性（如危机时滞）。银价过高引发白银外流及国内的通货紧缩，银价低则货币供给充裕，并伴发温和的通货膨胀。从而对中国宏观经济产生影响。 由于中国近代发展的道路与其他国家不同，政府在经济活动有着十分重要的地位，因而币制改革与政府财政收入刚性常常发生矛盾，在币制发展的道路上，中国在制度上的选择常常以保持财政收入为取舍，这是近代货币在制度层面上的演进，而1935年的法币改革则使近代中国币制步入了管理通货的格局之中，从而掀开了中国近代货币与经济史的新篇章。更多还原

【Abstract】 This thesis talks about the currency, the relationship of the currency and the financial institutions, the relationship of the currency and macroeconomic, and various approaches of economic development in modern China(1890-1935). According to the thesis, there was in modern China no standard money in the strict sense but a currency system dependent on silver as the centre, which was dynamic and solid and evolved on the way to the silver standard. Coinage had some influence on the birth and development of financial systems, and therefore the currency system had a close relationship with the birth, the development and the formation of financial systems in modern China. Foreign banks had some characteristics of the latent central bank because of its controlling the import and export of the silver of modern China, while old-style private banks also shared the profits of the mechanism of this central bank by mastering the rights of liquidating and making prices in the money markets. The domestic banks were growing up gradually with the status of silver rising and large quantities of silver imported from abroad to China. Meanwhile, this sort of development prominently showed the attributes of the finance and the government. In addition, the gold market and the foreign exchange market, affiliated to the silver market, were secondary markets in modern China. While the currency system of silver as the centre was developing toward and concentrating on the silver standard, international money system also witnessed the process of the development, the maturation and the alteration of the gold standard. Accordingly, international silver prices would be related to China’s macroscopic money supply, which made China’s economy not only connected with the international economy, e.g. the rate of exchange between silver and gold, but also independent with its characteristics, e.g. stagnancy in crisis. The fact that the too higher price of silver would cause the silver out flow and domestic deflation, while the lower price of silver could lead to sufficient money supply as well as mild inflation, influenced China’s macroeconomic. There were differences between China’s economic development and other<WP=6>countries’ in modern China. The Chinese government often played an important part in economic activities; as a result, currency reforms frequently conflicted with the stable public revenues. In the course of the development of the currency system, the choices of systems were often subjected to the stability of public revenues, which was the evolution of the currencies on the level of systems in modern China. It was the currency reform in 1935 that pushed the currency system of modern China into the situation of managing currencies, and thus it ushered in a new era in the history of currency and economy in modern China.更多还原