南昌市新生活运动研究（1934-1935）

【作者】 温波；

【导师】 姜义华；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2003， 博士

【摘要】 新生活运动的发起经过一番准备。从组织上说，蒋介石为实现“民族复兴”而建立起了秘密组织，其中复兴社的核心组织力行社就是发起新生活运动的主要组织。从理论上说，蒋介石所提倡的儒家道德文化成为新生活运动的主要内容。新生活运动之所以在南昌发起与“剿匪”有很大关系，但这并不是它的主要目的。新生活运动的主要目的是“民族复兴”，它是为落实“民族复兴”这一口号而发动起来的。除蒋介石外，杨永泰及力行社骨干对此起了很大的影响作用。蒋介石为新生活运动构建了一套新的价值体系。其理论来源主要在于蒋介石本人深受儒家文化的影响，同时管子所提倡的“礼义廉耻”成为新生活运动的主要内容，再加上王阳明的学说的影响，曾国藩转移社会风气的影响，同时还有儒家化的的三民主义，以及日本、德国等国家的复兴对他的启发，构成了他这套理论的来源。蒋介石所构建的新的理论核心就是“礼义廉耻”。他先是对当时国人所表现出来的种种生活不合理进行批评，然后对他这套理论进行了解释。他的解释有别于管子对此的解释，主要是从维护国民党政权的角度来进行。虽然他对新生活运动所要达到的目的有多种说法，但都是围绕“民族复兴”这一总的目的。而实际上，不管他所宣称的新生活运动要达到什么目标，其根本就是为了达到“教养卫”，为了动员民众，为其政权的合法性基础提供更多的说明。深入分析他的理论，存在两个方面的困境，一是他不顾政治、经济与道德的价值主体民众在道德中的作用，另一是他所构建的理论在实际生活中是通过“衣食住行”体现出来，但是他并没有解决如何通过实际生活中的某一载体表现出来。由于政府对市民社会的屏弃，新生活运动在实际生活中的推行主要是靠行政系统自上而下的来进行。它组织了一套自己的组织，但人员的组成都是行政机关借调而来。甚至它制定的各种计划方案也主要是由各行政机关协助完成。新生活运动在实际中推行的事项主要是“规矩”“清洁”与“三化”运动，但是这些事项是否为民众迫切需要的东西，新生活运动并不关心。在向民众进行推行时，其推行方式主要为宣传、教导、督促、奖惩等，但是由于其推行的内容不为民众所需要，其宣传的内容就表现为毫无内容，教导、督促、奖惩对民众来说也是多余的。我们还可以发现，新生活运动在实际推行中，通过其制定的各种实行新生活的办法，实际形成了对民众生活的规范，干涉了民众生活的自由。新生活运动在实际中的推行主要是依靠公务员、警察、学生和知识妇女来进行。这主要是由于国家对市民社会的屏弃，抛弃了它的社会基础，因而不可能依靠与民众密切联系的市民社会中的一些人员来完成对新生活运动的推行。在对<WP=5>这些推行人员的进行分析后可以发现，实际上他们所起的作用都是有限的，关键的问题就在于他们在实际中所推行的与民众所需要的不相适应。对新生活运动的推行效果，蒋介石是不满意的，他多次对新生活运动的实际效果提出批评。他的这种态度实际上说明了新生活运动并没有达到其预期的目的。其原因就在于一是新生活运动没有得到民众的认同，从新生活运动的理论到其在实际中推行，民众多不认同，不接受。其二就是背离了民众的实际需要，经过南昌市民众所迫切需要者进行分析后发现，民众最为需要的是发展经济，提高生活水平。最后新生活运动的“领导者”们自身在新生活运动中的行为不一致大大影响了新生活运动的效果。而这一切，都不利于政府合法性基础的建立。新生活运动实际上是要解决国民政府政治、经济、意识形态的危机，也即政府的合法性危机，重新建立政权的合法性基础。通过对以上问题的分析，我们可以发现新生活运动并没有解决这些危机，建立其新的政权合法性基础。关键的问题就在于它并没有解决民众的实际问题，脱离了民众这一社会基础，从而没有得到民众的认同和支持。这也就说明任何政府合法性基础必须要兼顾到民众这一基本利益，偏离这一中心问题，合法性基础必难建立起来。更多还原

【Abstract】 The New Life Movement was launched by a preparation. One is that JiangJieShi established the secret orgnization "FuXingShe" to relize "Race Renewal". "LiXingShe",the core organization of "FuXingShe", launched the New Life Movement. The other is the Confucianism morals that JinagJieShi asserted become the contents of the New Life Movement. The New Life Movement was launched at NanChang for "suppressing bandits", but it was not its main purpose. Its main purpose was "Race Rewal". JiangJieShi, YangYongTai, and personnels of "LiXingShe" influenced the New Life Movement .JiangJieShi set up a new system of virtues for the New Life Movement. The source of its theories primarily consist in JiangJieShi influenced by the Confucianism culture. GuanZi’s "Li Yi Lian Chi"become the contents of the New Life Movement. WangYangMing, ZengGuoFan’s theories, SunZhongShan’s "San Min Zhu Yi", and the inspiration of Japan, Germany, all consititued the source of his theories. The core of the new theories that JiangJieShi set up is "Li Yi Lian Chi". First, he criticized the inreansonable living of people, then he explained his theories. His explaination wasn’t same as GuanZi’s explaination. It was primarily to maintain GuoMinTang’s power. Although he asserted the purpose of the New Life Movement had kinds, but all were around the "Race Rewal". In fact, regadless of its purpose, its was for the sake of attaining "Jiao Yang Wei" and calling up the people,for the legitimate foundation of its political power to provide more elucidation. Deep into his theories of analysis, exsit two predicaments, One is regardless of law, econamy and people in the function in the morals. The other is the new morals cannot design from the "Yi Shi Zhu Xing" in the living.Because of the government suppressed the citizen society, the New Life Movement was advanced into the living depending on the administration system. It orgnized its own orgnization, its personnels was borrowed from daministration. Even the every kind of plan was finished by the help of administration. It advanced "Rules", "Clean"and "San Hua" in the living, but the New Life Movement didn’t care all those things. Its ways of advancement was propaganda, instruction, supervision, prize and punishment etc. All ways was superfluous because of its advancement had no contents. We can find that the New Life Movement had interfered with the freedom of the people’s living through all kinds of ways.<WP=7>The New Life Movement was advanced in the living depended on staffs in the administration, police, students and women with knowledeg. It was primarily because of the government suppressed the citizen society, abandoned its social foundation. So it impossibly depended on some personnels colse with people in citizen society to complete the New Life Movement. After analyzing these personnels, we can discover they were limitedly in function, the keys consisited in the people not need the movement. JiangJieShi wasn’t satisfied with the results of the New Life Movement, he critized the results many times. The kind of his attitude explained the New Life Movement didn’t attain its anticipant purpose. The reason was, One is the New Life Movement didn’t get the approbation of the people; the other is it deviated from people’s need; the end is the leader’s behavior influnenced the results. All these were disadvantage to the legitimate foundation of the government.In fact, the New Life Movement wanted to resolve the crisises of politics, economy and ideology of government, to establish the legitimate foundation of power. But analysizing the problem, we can discover the New Life Movement hadn’t resolved the crisises and established the legitimate foundation. The key was that it didn’t solve people’s actual needs, it hadn’t gained people’s approval. It proves that the legitimate foundation of any government must care people’s benefits. If it deviate from this center problem, the legitimate foundation is difficultly established.更多还原