【作者】 陈前瑞；

【导师】 李宇明；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 汉语言文字学， 2003， 博士

【摘要】 本文研究汉语的体貌系统，重点研究现代汉语普通话及其基础方言北京话中的体貌问题。本文的体貌包括由谓词内在语义特征构成的情状类型、由“起来、下去、完、好”与词语重叠等半虚化成分以及更为虚化的“着、了、过、来着”等所表示的各种语法意义，它是事件内在的时间结构的表现。本文的研究思路是通过对具体问题的考察来构建一个四层级的汉语体貌系统。研究方法主要是从系统的角度分析汉语体貌的句法语义特征、从话语的角度探寻体标记的功能、基于语料库定量分析体貌现象。主要理论基础为Smith(1991)、Olsen(1997)、Bybee，Perkins & Pagliuca(1994)、Dahl(2000b)。 本文认为，汉语的体貌系统是一个由情状体、阶段体、边缘视点体、核心视点体组成的四层级系统。基本的情状体通常分为四类，分别是状态、活动、结束、成就。它们之间的语义区别是基于有无相对的缺值对立。小句的时间结构是由动词及相关成分组合而成的。阶段体是对情状的具体阶段的表现。汉语阶段体包括用虚化的趋向成分“起来”和“下来、下去”分别表示的起始体、延续体，补语性成分“完、好、过”与“到、得、着”等分别表示的完结体、结果体，用动词重叠与“说来说去”之类的复叠结构分别表示的短时体和反复体。本文第二、三章专门研究汉语短时体、反复体这两种涉量阶段体的情状特征以及它们与其他层级之间的关系。第四章研究完结体、结果体这两种基本阶段体的共时关系以及它们在语法化过程中的作用，特别讨论了结果体所表现出的语法化的双路径问题。 边缘视点体是指语法化程度相对较低的视点体，包括完成体和进行体。汉语完成体的标记包括：“过”、句末“了”、“来着”、复合趋向补语中位于宾语后面的“来”、“来了／去了”等。本文第五章研究复合趋向补语中“来”的位置与现时相关性的关系。第六章研究“来着”的发展与主观化的问题，并探讨满语对“来着”的影响。第七章研究句末“了”将来时用法的发展及其类型学意义。核心视点体是指语法化程度相对较高的视点体。包括完整体和未完整体两类。汉语完整体标记是词尾的“了”，未完整体标记是词尾的“着”。本文第八章着重研究汉语未完整体与进行体的共时区别与历时联系。第九章研究北京话中未完整体与进行体标记“着、正、正在、在、呢”之间的内部差异，认为它们在聚焦度和主观性两方面呈现出两个方向相反的序列。 第十章是全文的总结，对汉语体貌系统及本文涉及到的语法化与主观化的问题加以概括。汉语体貌系统的四个层级之间存在着多方面的联系。从共时的角度看，它们是由不同性质的终止点贯穿起来的。从历时的角度看，它们是与语法化的机制和路径一脉相承的。参照Bhat(1999)关于“时突出语言、体突出语言、态突出语言”的标准，汉语是一种体貌突出的语言，汉语体貌系统在阶段体、边缘视点体和核心视点体这三个层级上的内部对立都比较严整。更多还原

【Abstract】 This dissertation is concerned with the aspectual system in Chinese, especially that in Modern Standard Chinese and its basic dialect, Beijing Dialect. The aspectuality mentioned here consists of two groups: the situation types composed of the inner semantic features of predicates, the various grammatical meanings conveyed by the semi-particalized constituents such as ’qilai, xiaqu, wan, hao’ (directive or resultative in verb compounds) and reduplication and the more particalized constituents ’zhe, liao, guo, laizhe’. Aspectuality is the representation of the inner temporal structure of events. The paper tries to establish a four-level Chinese aspectual system by the microcosmic study of specific problems. Methodologically, the paper will analyze the syntactic and semantic features of aspectuality in Chinese from the systematic perspective, investigate the function of the aspectual markers from the point of discourse and analyze the aspectual phenomenon based on the database. The paper presupposes the theories of Smith (1991), Olsen (1997), Bybee, Perkins & Pagliuca (1994) and Dahl (2000b).It is argued in the paper that the aspectual system of Chinese is a four-level system composed of the situation aspect, the phasal aspect, the peripheral viewpoint aspect and the core viewpoint aspect. The fundamental situation aspects are normally divided into four groups: state, activity, accomplishment and achievement. The semantic distinctions among them are based on the privative opposition with the contrast features. The temporal structures of the clauses are composed of the verbs and the relevant constituents. The phasal aspects are the representation of specific phases of the situation, and the phasal aspects of Chinese include the ingressive aspect and the successive aspect represented by the particalized constituents ’qilai’, and ’xialai, xiaqu’ respectively, the completive aspect and the resultative aspect represented by the complement constituents ’wan, hao, guo’ and ’dao, de, zhe’ respectively, the delimitative aspect shown by the verb reduplication and the iterative aspect represented by the duplication structure such as ’shuo-lai-shuo-qu’. In chapter two and three, the paper studies the semantic features of the delimitative aspect and the iterative aspect, and the relations between them and the aspects of other levels. In chapter four, the paper studies the completive aspect and the resultative aspect, especially on their different paths in grammaticalization.The peripheral viewpoint aspect is one with less grammaticalization level, including the perfect aspect and the progressive aspect. The markers of the perfect aspect of Chinese include: ’guo’, the sentence final ’le’, ’laizhe, laile/qule’ and the sentence final ’lai’ in composite directional complements. Chapter five concentrates on the current relevance of sentence final ’lai’ in composite directional complements. Chapter six is concerned with the development of ’laizhe’, the problem of subjectivisation and the Manchu language’s effect on ’laizhe’. In chapter seven, the paper discusses about thedevelopment of the future usage of sentence final ’le’ and its typological significance. The core viewpoint aspect refers to those with higher grammaticalization level, including perfective and imperfective. The perfective marker in Chinese is the word final ’le’ and the imperfective marker is the word final ’zhe’, Chapter eight focuses on the synchronic and diachronic relations between the imperfective and progressive markers in Chinese. In chapter nine, the inner distinction among the imperfective or progressive markers such as ’zhe’, ’zheng’, ’zhengzai’, ’zai’ and ’ne’ is discussed. The author shows that those markers reflect the differences of the focality and subjectivity.Chapter ten is a conclusion of the dissertation concerned the aspectual system and some theoretical points. The four levels of aspectual system in Chinese are closely related. From the synchronic perspective, they are connected by the final points and the non-final points.更多还原