清朝—哈萨克汗国贸易研究（1757-1822）

【作者】 陈海龙；

【导师】 张萍；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 历史地理学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 对历史时期东亚地区经济问题的研究已经形成了很多理论。相比之下,西部内陆地区经济历史的研究理路比较单一。本文试图将历史地理学的相关研究主题引入到清朝—哈萨克汗国贸易的研究中去。哈萨克汗国和清朝之间存在的朝贡关系。然而,哈萨克汗国向清朝朝贡的目的有扩大游牧地、出兵中亚、汗位继承等,带有很强的政治性,而不仅仅只是为了贸易。甚至可以说,贸易是哈萨克使人进京城觐见清朝皇帝之举利益最大化的表现。对清朝而言,进贡物品和赏赐所构成的经济行为,并没有太大的经济收益。本文所言的“贸易”,乃是指边境互市贸易。清朝收复新疆后,倾力打造新疆的交通体系,保证物资流动的畅通。这个交通体系将新疆各城相连,各城的互动性增加。主要的经济中心都经由官道相衔接。清朝和哈萨克汗国在新疆的伊犁、塔尔巴哈台、科布多、乌鲁木齐等地开展贸易。当这几个地区被开辟为贸易地点时,当地的交通还不完善,交通体系对这种贸易格局形成并不起源层面的影响,但是对于贸易行为以及贸易格局的维持贡献很大。这几个地点成为贸易所在地的原因各不相同。他们的地理位置都在天山以北,这就形成了清朝—哈萨克汗国整体的贸易格局。其他中亚民族集中在伊犁及南疆开展贸易,形成了另一种格局。两个格局南北呼应。伊犁成为清朝与中亚民族贸易的中心。清朝—哈萨克汗国贸易格局的形成,与清朝官方应对哈萨克开辟南疆市场之举,以及清朝内部关于中亚民族在新疆开展贸易格局的大讨论相关。清朝构建了边疆贸易格局,同时也建立了与之相的商品运输和流通机制。清朝与哈萨克开展贸易的大宗商品是丝绸、布匹、茶叶。然而贸易中的其它商品较少,尤其是北方比较繁盛的皮毛。丝绸来源地依靠依靠内地的供给,供给地区基本上要向中央进贡丝绸之地。布匹则不同,内地的供给仅是解燃眉之急。清朝从贸易中获得的商品多是马牛羊等牲畜,马匹除了供给新疆本地使用外,还调拨到内地使用,只是更多是限于甘肃地区。清朝—哈萨克汗国边境贸易仍然是传统的草原—农耕互补性质。清朝利用自身的优势构建了贸易格局,然而优势最后变成了劣势。当哈萨克商队不能开辟新的市场,又无法改变低价格交易时,就采取减少交易额和用低等牲畜进行对冲。清朝—哈萨克汗国贸易对新疆的社会经济具有重大的影响。清朝将从贸易中获得的牲畜,或用于屯田解决耕畜缺乏的问题,或投如牧厂促进新疆畜牧业的发展。这些都将有利于清朝更好的控制机新疆。清朝从开始之初,就可能从政治角度看待与哈萨克的贸易。即使如此,贸易还是带来了一些收益。从财政角度看,清朝官方试图将哈萨克固着在这种格局中,从而保证能够源源不断的获得低廉的哈萨克商品,可以节省财政支出。更为重要的是,清朝官方对哈萨克提供马匹等战略商品产生了相对依赖性。更多还原

【Abstract】 Many theories of Historical economic research on East Asia had been formed. On the contrary, historical researches about western inland were very single. So this paper will analyze the trade between Kazak Khanate and Qing Dynasty with the theory of Historical Geography.The tributary existed between Kazak Khanate and Qing Dynasty. However, Kazak Khanate was not only to establish trading relationships, but achieve other policical goal. trading relationships, it might ever say, was the performance of the benefit maximization of tributary. For the Qing dynasty, Kazak’s tribute could not bring greater economic benefits. The trade of this paper was border trade, not others.In order to guarantee resourse flowed smoothly, Qing Dynasty strived to build transportation system after controlling Xinjiang. Each economic center was connected by this transportation system. The trading places between Qing Dynasty and Kazak were Ili(伊梨), Tacheng(塔城), Khvodt(科布多), Urumchi(乌鲁木齐), which were all located on the North Xinjiang. When these places were opened up to Kazak Khanate, the transportation system nearby the trading places were not built completely. In this sense, transportation system did not played an origin role in the former of trade pattern.A trade pattern foremed in North Xinjiang from macroscopic angle. Another trade pattern foremed in South Xinjiang between Qing Dynasty and Other Central Asia ethnic. Ili where the two trade circle overlapped was the trade center. Based on the investigation to the setting up of trading place, the formation of the trade pattern between Qing Dynasty and Kazak were connection with the two events. Firstly, Kazak wanted to opening up market of other’s, and Qing officers took some steps to deal with it. Secondly, there was a disscussion on the geography structer of trading place during Qing Dynasty. Once the businessman of Kazak Khanate couldn’t exploit market of south Xinjiang, they reduced the trade volume and exchanged goods with inferior livestock.With the building of trade pattern, the circulation and transportation mechanism of traded goods was set up. Qing Dynasty, who did not pay attention to fur business,exchanged the horse, cattle and sheep with silk, cloth and tea, which was the characteristic of the trade between the two. However, it changed a lot after1851. The mainland China provided majority of the silk. The cloth were mainly from Xinjiang. The horses which traded from Kazak Khanate were transpoted to Gansu province.The trade between Qing Dynasty and Kazak brought a wide range of influence on the socio-economic evelopment of Xinjiang. Qing Dynasty gained a lot of animals which were used to farming or feeded on the pasture. With the help of this trade pattern, Qing Dynasty could obtained the fine livestock persistently with low price, which could conserve financial resources.更多还原