【作者】 唐慧俊；

【导师】 苏号朋；

【作者基本信息】 对外经济贸易大学 ， 民商法学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 传统的金融机构总是将无法或难以提供担保的贫困人群排除在贷款服务或更广范围的金融服务之外，从而导致那些想改变生活窘况的贫穷者不得不寻求高利贷者的资金支持，并被迫忍受后者的盘剥。这类在经济上贫困但却有可能通过小额资金支持便能逐渐改变其困境的特殊群体，便是后来小额贷款业务所服务的对象，而发起小额贷款以帮助穷人脱贫的穆罕默德·尤努斯，也因其在此方面的卓越贡献而获得了2006年的诺贝尔和平奖。此后，小额贷款在全球，特别是亚非拉地区得到了迅猛发展。尽管期间于2010年爆发的印度小额贷款危机在一定程度上影响了小额贷款在全球的快速发展，但它并未从根本上扭转小额贷款在全球的进一步发展之趋势。相反，各国通过对印度小额贷款危机的反思，正积极采取各种措施以使这种以反贫困、促发展为目的的小额贷款走上更为健康和稳定的发展之路。我国的小额贷款从1994年中国社科院农村发展研究所在河北省易县成立了第一个小额贷款机构（“扶贫社”）开始算起，迄今已经走过了20年的历程。在这20年中，小额贷款原有的公益色彩因商业化大潮的影响越来越弱，而原本被作为扶贫对象而备受呵护的小额贷款消费者，也渐渐失去了当初的地位，且在小额贷款经营者日益严重且明显的盲目逐利的驱使下，小额贷款消费者的诸多正当和合法权益都遭到了严重侵害。由美国次贷危机引发的全球金融危机表明，对金融服务的消费者保护不力是引发本次危机的重要原因，而金融危机对诸多行业、国家乃至全球发展的负面影响则是有目共睹的，而且此种影响在较短时间内绝对难以消除。在小额贷款这一特殊金融服务中，倘若不以之为鉴而继续漠视这些处于极度弱势地位的消费者被侵害的事实，则其对全球发展之影响或将更为巨大且深远。仅从国内角度而言，漠视或纵容对小额贷款消费者的侵害，一则不利于法治社会下的消费者权利之保护，二则不利于小额贷款行业的健康发展，三则不利于我国减少社会贫困、保障改善民生、促进经济发展、维护社会稳定等诸多公益目的之实现。但不论从国际或是国内层面，从政府或是社会、民间层面而言，对新兴起的、具有一定公益性的小额贷款之消费者如何提供恰当的法律保护都是一个全新的课题。为此，本文需要从法律角度对小额贷款及其消费者进行界定，并以此作为分析相关问题的逻辑起点。在完成此种界定后，本文针对国内小额贷款发展现状，总结了目前该行业中存在的消费者保护问题，并对这些问题的成因进行了剖析。分析表明，导致我国小额贷款消费者诸多权益被侵害或无法获得充分保障的原因是多层面的，但相关立法保护不足却是其中颇为关键的原因之一。据此，本文首先从宏观角度出发，在分析了现有法律保护模式之不足的基础上，指出应为小额贷款消费者构建全新的“一般法”+“特别法”的法律保护模式，以弥补原有的对此类特殊消费者仅有一般法保护的弊端。其次，为使此种保护模式得到落实并能妥善解决国内存在的小额贷款消费者保护问题，本文先从制度层面入手，论述了应如何以特别法的形式保护小额贷款消费者包括知情权、反歧视权、便捷、透明交易权、拒绝催收妨害权等在内的特别权利。最后，本文从技术层面出发，结合之前所分析的小额贷款消费者保护相关问题及其成因，有针对性地且较为全面和深入地探讨了应如何从立法、行政、司法、行业自律及社会力量的发挥等诸方面完善对小额贷款消费者的保护机制。本文在研究中综合采用了历史分析、经济分析、实证分析及比较研究等方法。这些方法的采用，使本文的论点和论据更具有可信性或说服力。而本文的创新之处在于，它首次从法律角度厘清了小额贷款及其消费者的含义，并首次全面分析了国内存在的小额贷款消费者保护问题，并在此基础上提出了相应的解决建议。总而言之，本文是学术界对小额贷款消费者这类特殊弱势群体予以法律保护的首次全面关注，愿其能为将来我国贫困主体的消费主权及接受公益服务的消费者权益之保护拉开序幕。更多还原

【Abstract】 Traditional financial institutions have been always reluctant to afford loans or evenother financial services to the poor who can not provide guarantees, which made thepoor who wanted to change the living conditions have to turn to the usurers forfinancial support, and endure their exploits. Such special groups, who are poor ineconomy but they could gradually change their plight if they can get small amounts ofmoney, are just the main target of microcredit or microfinance today. The famousperson, Muhammad Yunus, who initiated microcredit to help the poor out of poverty,won the Nobel Peace Prize in2006because of his outstanding contribution in the workof microcredit which later developed into microloan and then microfinance. Since then,this special financial service has been developing rapidly in the world, especially inAsia, Africa and Latin America. Although the Indian microloan crisis in2010hasaffected the rapid development of microloan in the world to some extent, but it doesnot reverse the development trends of microloan in the global. In contrast, manycountries though reflection on the Indian microloan crisis, are actively taking variousmeasures to make the microloan or even microfinance keep more healthy and stabledevelopment, so that they can achieve their purpose on anti-poverty and promotingdevelopment.In1994, China’s first microloan institution was established by the RuralDevelopment Institute of CASS (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences) in Yi County,Hebei Province. Since then, China’s microloan has gone through20years of history. Inthe past20years, the public interests in microloan have been degraded gradually dueto the impact of the commercial tide in this industry, while the microloan borrowers,who had been well cared of by the microloan institutions, have gradually lost theiroriginal positions. Moreover, driven by the strong and blind pursuit of profits, themicroloan operators have begun to infringe the legitimate rights and interests ofconsumers. The global financial crisis caused by the U.S. subprime mortgage crisis hasshown that the lack of consumer protection in financial service is the important reasonfor the crisis. In the microloan, a special financial service, if we continue to ignore thefact consumers are infringed, another crisis in microloan would come and that would hurt the consumers and the microloan industry. In addition, it also would effect therealization of many public welfare purposes, such as reducing social poverty,improving people’s livelihood, promoting economic development and maintainingsocial stability, and so on.But whether from the point of view of the international, the domestic, thegovernment or the non-government, it is really a new subject to research on how toprovide adequate legal protection for microloan consumers. Therefore, this paperneeds to define the microloan and its consumers first, and take them as the logicalstarting point to analyze relevant issues. After that, according to the development statusof the domestic microloan, this paper summarizes the China’s consumer protectionissues which currently exist in the microloan, and then explores the causes of theseproblems. The result of the analysis shows that the reasons for that microloanconsumers have been infringed, or unable to obtain adequate protection aremultifaceted, and one of the key reasons is the relevant legislation is quite inadequateto protect them. Hereby, based on the analysis of existing inadequate legal protectionmode, this paper from the macro perspective, points out we should build a new legalprotection mode including "general law" and "special law" to remedy the defects in theoriginal mode which only provides legal protection by general laws. Then, to makesuch new protection mode can be implemented and properly resolve the domesticmicroloan consumer protection issues, the paper expounds how to protect themicroloan consumers’ special rights by the special law. The special rights include theright to information, anti-discrimination right, convenient and transparent trading right,the right to refuse interference and infringement in collection, etc. Finally, according tothe aforementioned microloan consumer protection issues and their causes, the paper,from the technical perspective, elaborates how to improve the whole microloanconsumer protection mechanisms, consisting of the improvement in legislation,administrative supervision, judicial protection, self-discipline and the participation andplay of social forces.In the study, the author adopted many research methods, such as historical analysis,economic analysis, empirical analysis, and comparative studies. By using thesemethods, the arguments seem more credible or convincing. Furthermore, the innovations of this paper are: first, it is the first time to clarify the microloan and itsconsumer from a legal perspective; second, it is also the first time to do such acomprehensive analysis on the domestic microloan consumer protection issues and putforward the corresponding solving suggestions in China. In short, this paper is the firsttime to pay legal attention to microloan consumers—a special vulnerable group in theacademic community, and what the author wants is just to attract more people to jointhe research work on the consumer rights of the poor and how to protect thoseconsumers who accept some certain services with public interests.更多还原