【作者】 崔兴岩；

【导师】 吴青；

【作者基本信息】 对外经济贸易大学 ， 国际贸易学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 船舶业是世界上资本最密集的产业之一，无论是制造船舶，还是出海航行，都需要巨额资金的支持，船舶融资是促进船舶业发展的关键环节。船舶抵押贷款是最为传统和通用的船舶融资方式，船东通常会向银行等金融机构申请船舶抵押贷款来获取巨额资金支持。但面对船舶业的高风险行业特性，银行等金融机构会担忧自己的船舶抵押权益能否获得保障，船舶业获取船舶融资困难重重。国际船舶业需要寻找能够充分、全面保障船舶抵押权人利益并能转嫁相关风险的风险管理手段，以促进和保障国际船舶融资渠道的畅通。我国已成为全球第二大经济体，正在从航运大国向航运强国发展。我国的十八大报告首次提出要发展海洋经济，建设海洋强国的概念。我国的船舶航运业是海洋经济的发展基础，在实现海洋战略的过程中，船舶航运业必将得到大力发展。我国的船舶融资有近70%是以船舶抵押贷款的形式完成的，随着国际航运市场和金融市场的飞速发展，我国的船舶融资需求也进一步增加。但是，船舶航运业的高风险性也使得目前我国的船舶融资面临不小的困难。因此，我国亟需完整的船舶融资担保体系，不仅需要大力发展传统的船舶保险、货运保险和保赔保险来保障抵押船舶的海上风险，更需要发展结合现行船舶融资特点的能保障船舶抵押权人利益的保险。船舶抵押权人利益保险船舶抵押权人利益保险（Mortgagees’ InterestInsurance，简称MII）是独立为船舶抵押权人利益设计的保险，由船舶抵押权人投保，以船舶抵押权为保险标的，承保船舶抵押权人因第一线船舶保险、保赔保险发生拒赔或未能获得全部赔付导致船舶抵押权人的优先受偿权受阻而产生的损失。船舶抵押权人利益保险在西方发达国家已经发展数十年并日趋成熟，能够在保障船舶抵押权人利益、转移有关风险的同时，确保船舶融资的稳健与安全。本文认为，在保障船舶抵押权人利益方面，船舶抵押权人利益保险具有传统第一线船舶保险和保赔保险无可比拟的优越性：船舶抵押权人能够根据需要自己安排投保，拥有更多的自主权；船舶抵押权人能够摆脱只能依赖船舶抵押人行为的脆弱地位；而且船舶抵押权人利益保险还有其他的并列险种作为有益补充，能够更好地保障船舶抵押权人的利益。我国发展船舶抵押权人利益保险业务，有利于优化目前我国保险市场的船舶保险业务结构，丰富我国的航运保险市场，促进我国航运保险市场的发展。本文采用了比较分析法、文献研究法、定性分析法三种研究方法，对船舶抵押权人利益保险的有关内容进行了仔细研究和深入分析。本文参照国内外船舶抵押权人利益保险的有关理论和学说，首先界定了船舶抵押权人利益保险的概念，介绍了船舶抵押权人利益保险的特征、主体、主要条款等内容，重点对船舶抵押权人利益保险的投保人、被保险人、可保利益及承保风险以及主要条款进行了详尽的分析研究；随后对船舶抵押权人利益保险进行了相应的法经济学分析，一方面结合我国《保险法》、《海商法》、《担保法》、《物权法》等有关法律法规，对该险种做了相应的法律分析，另一方面结合法经济学理论，对该险种涉及的诸如经济人、不确定性、道德风险、逆向选择、市场失灵、成本收益分析以及合同违约救济等区别于普通民商法、较难得到传统法学理论完整解释的特征和惯例进行深入研究；随后，本文结合我国船舶融资、航运业发展现状和现行法律制度，对我国探索发展船舶抵押权人利益保险的必要性和可行性进行分析和研究；最后，本文对船舶抵押权人利益保险在我国未来发展的地位和作用进行研究，指出船舶抵押权人利益保险是我国航运业发展和船舶融资发展的必然走向，并针对我国保险业和保险公司提出发展船舶抵押权人利益保险的政策建议，也为保险公司在不久的将来订立抵押权人利益保险合同条款提供了一些调整建议。本文认为，引进和发展船舶抵押权人利益保险能够满足我国船舶抵押融资发展和我国航运及贸易的发展需要，完善我国的航运保险制度并保障我国的船舶抵押融资制度顺利发展，有助于促进我国海洋经济的发展。船舶抵押权人利益保险是我国航运业发展和船舶融资发展的必然走向，我国探索发展船舶抵押权人利益保险具有必要性和可行性。虽然目前在理论和实践层面上还有许多值得探讨和研究的问题，但船舶抵押权人利益保险在我国的良好发展前景是可以预见的。本文相信，只要迈开了引进此险种的尝试性的第一步，有关的理论的完善和实践的丰富指日可待。本文的创新之处体现在以下四个方面：首先，本文的研究选题较新，目前国内已有的关于船舶抵押权人利益保险的研究和分析都比较单薄，缺少对船舶抵押权人利益保险综合性的详细分析和比较研究；其次，本文从船舶抵押权人利益保险的概念、主体、特征、条款等内容出发，联动结合法律角度分析和法经济学方法论，对该险种在我国发展的必要性和可行性等内容进行多角度、多层面地研究，研究视角较新、较全面；再次，本文创新性地引入法经济学分析方法，从法经济学角度出发，使用法经济学理论和工具，对该险种涉及的诸如经济人、不确定性、道德风险、逆向选择、市场失灵、成本收益分析以及合同违约救济等区别于普通民商法、较难得到传统法学理论完整解释的特征和惯例进行深入研究，得出更加细化、精准的研究结论，所提建议更具针对性、可行性和可操作性；最后，本文除采用理论分析和定性研究外，还采用了国际比较研究方法和法经济学定量分析方法，结合我国现行法律制度和航运保险市场现实情况，对船舶抵押权人利益保险在我国的发展重新进行了定位，详细研究了我国发展船舶抵押权人利益保险的必要性、可行性和发展建议，得出发展船舶抵押权人利益保险是我国保障船舶融资安全的必然走向的结论。这也是本文研究的另一处创新所在。更多还原

【Abstract】 Ship industry is one of the world’s most capital-intensive industries. Bothmanufacturing ships and sailing need the support of huge amounts of money. Shipfinancing plays a key role in promoting the development of shipping industry. Shipmortgage is the most traditional and versatile mode of ship financing. Usually, shipowners apply for mortgage to obtain the financial support from banks and otherfinancial institutions, who worry about whether they will obtain the protection for theirship mortgage, considering the high-risk industry characteristics. That make theship industry beset with difficulties in ship financing. Therefore, international shippingindustry needs for risk management tools to protect the interest of ship mortgage andtransfer the risk to guarantee the non-congestion of financing channels.China is the second largest economy in the world, changing from a great shippingcountry to shipping power country. The report of18th CPC National Congressproposed the concept of marine economy and marine power construction. As the basisfor the development of marine economy, our shipping industry should be activelydeveloped in the process of realization of our marine strategy. With the rapiddevelopment of the international shipping market and the financial market, the demandfor ship financing is increasing. However, China’s current ship financing70%isBottomry loan, finds itself in a tight corner over its high risk. Therefore, we demand awell-run ship financing guarantee system, not only developing the traditional marineinsurance to protect maritime vessels risk, but also developing the ship mortgageeinsurance to protect the mortgagees’ interest.Mortgagees’ Interest Insurance is independently designed for the mortgagees’interests, insured by the ship mortgagees, underwriting ship mortgage, covering theexclusions occurred or failed to obtain payment resulted in a total loss of the first lineof marine insurance. MII has taken decades to develop and mature in the westerncountries, being able to simultaneously protect ship mortgagees’ interests and transferthe related risks, ensuring the soundness and safety of the ship financing.To this dissertation, MII has decided advantages in protecting the mortgagees’ interests over the traditional first-line marine insurance. Firstly, the mortgagees canautonomously arrange insurance, according to their own needs. Secondly, themortgagees can get out of the bind of relying on the behavior of shipmortgages.Thirdly, MII has other relative insurance as its supplement to protect themortgagees’ interests better. Then this dissertation reaches the conclusion that thedevelopment of MII can help to optimize the structure of China’s current marineinsurance market, enrich our shipping insurance market and promote the developmentof our maritime insurance market.This dissertation adopts three analytical methods of comparison research, literatureresearch, qualitative methodology. This dissertation carefully studies and analyses theMII’s concept, feature, subject, major policy provisions and so on, focusing on MII’spolicyholder, the insured, insurable interest and the principal terms. Referring to thetheory and documents associated to MII at home and abroad. Then the dissertationmakes the law and economics analysis on “economic man”,“uncertainty”,“moralhazard”,“adverse selection”,“market failure”,“cost-benefit analysis” and “remediesfor breach of contract”, according to the regulations of Insurance law, Maritime Law,Warranty Law and Property Law. On the basis of the current situation of China’s shipfinancing, development of the shipping industry and the current legal system, thisdissertation explore the feasibility of developing MII in China. Finally, after the studyof the status and role of MII in the future development of China, this dissertationpoints out that MII is an inevitable development trend of China’s shipping industry andship financing development, giving suggestions on the policy recommendations to theinsurance industry and insurance companies about how to develop MII, advisingpolicy provisions adjustment proposals for insurance companies.This dissertation argues that the introduction and development of MII will meet theneeds of the development of China’s ship mortgage, improve our shipping insurancesystem and guarantee the smooth development of our ship financing system, to helppromote China’s marine economic development. MII is an inevitable developmenttrend of China’s shipping industry and ship financing development, researching on MIIhas the necessity and feasibility of insurance benefits. Although there are still manyissues to study and research in theory and practical level, the good prospects for MII’s development in our country can be foreseen. To this dissertation, when the first stephas been taking, the enriched theory and abundant practice will be within sight.The innovation of this dissertation is as follows: Firstly, the research topic is novel,because of the current related researches on MII are relatively less and lack of detailedanalysis and comparative study. Secondly, the research angle is new andcomprehensive, starting a legal point linkage analysis combining law and economicsmethodology, making multi-angle, multi-level study on the necessary and feasibilityfor the development of MII in our country. Thirdly, the dissertation introducesinnovative methods of law and economics analysis, making a study on “economicman”,“uncertainty”,“moral hazard”,“adverse selection”,“market failure” and so on,using law and economics theories and tools, drawing the much more targeted anddetailed conclusion. Finally, this dissertation adopts theoretical analysis，qualitativeresearch，international comparative research methods and quantitative method toreposition the development of MII in China, combined with our current legal systemand shipping insurance market realities, coming to the conclusion that introduce anddevelop MII in China is able to guarantee the safety of our ship financing, after adetailed study of the necessity and practicability of MII in China. This is also anotherinnovation of this dissertation.更多还原