【作者】 王玉帅；

【导师】 王军；

【作者基本信息】 对外经济贸易大学 ， 国际法学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 农业补贴是一国政府农业支持和保护法律和政策体系中最重要、最常用的政策工具，其主要目的是保护本国的粮食安全、维护农产品价格稳定和保障农民收入。随着中国的社会主义进程进入了“深水区”，多哈回合谈判又终破坚冰，中国的农业补贴法律和政策改革也随之到了一个新的关键节点。中国入世13年，农业补贴法律和政策发生了深刻的变革，暴露出来诸多问题。本文首先提出了中国农业补贴法律和政策面临的突出问题，随之分析这些问题产生背后的制约的因素。中国农业补贴问题的产生归根结底是由中国农业补贴的客观情况决定的。其中，国际法与国内法的适用关系是制约中国农业补贴的重要因素，它如何与WTO规则接轨、如何在本国适用WTO相关规则、以及在争端解决机制下如何处理农产品贸易争端等一系列因素，是为什么要在WTO框架下研究农业补贴制度的根本原因。其中，WTO争端解决机制主要依据《农业协定》（Agreement onAgriculture）、《补贴和反补贴措施协议》（以下简称SCMA）、《1994年关税及贸易总协定》（以下简称GATT1994）来解决农产品贸易纠纷，同时中国的农业补贴很大程度上还受《实施卫生与动植物卫生检疫措施协议》（以下简称SPS）和《技术性贸易壁垒协议》（以下简称TBT）构建起的技术壁垒的制约。在WTO框架下的各项规则中，《农业协定》和2008年12月修订的《多哈回合农业谈判模式草案》（Draft Modalities，以下简称《模式草案》）是最为重要的两个制约因素，本文对此作了单独的分析。《农业协定》是WTO框架下所有约束中国农业补贴法律和政策的国际法中最为重要一项国际协定，在处理农产品贸易争端时优先适用于其他国际法和国内法。其中，国内支持规则是《农业协定》的重要内容，也是中国农业补贴的核心。2011年中国向WTO农业委员会通报了2005-2008年中国国内支持已使用的八项措施，这些措施对中国农业乃至整个中国社会都起到了重要的作用。但笔者认为，广义来说，《农业协定》附件2中列出的12项“绿箱”措施1在中国已经全部适用。中国的“黄箱”措施2也存在一些问题，例如方式还比较单一、对生产的刺激作用还不十分显著、补贴的专向性还不够突出。此外，中国现在还没有使用“蓝箱”措施，短期内使用“蓝箱”措施3的时机还不成熟。《模式草案》是多哈回合农业谈判的阶段性成果，作为迄今为止最完整的谈判文案，是指导和制约中国农业补贴未来发展趋势最重要的谈判文案。《模式草案》进一步明确了多哈回合谈判推动贸易自由化的改革方向，主张贸易自由化将会给各成员国带来更多的利益，鼓励各成员积极努力参与到谈判中来，消除隔阂、打破僵局，维护国际农产品贸易公平、自由、透明的体制，争取尽早达成共识，签署新一轮的农业多边协议。国内支持措施既是多哈回合农业谈判的核心问题，也是与中国关系最为紧密的谈判内容。随后，本文结合多哈回合农业谈判的最新成果继续对中国农业补贴未来趋势进行分析。多哈回合谈判历经13年的艰苦努力，直到2013年12月巴厘岛会议4才突破坚冰。多哈农业谈判的成功将对WTO各成员的农业补贴制度产生现实和深远的影响，对重振全球农产品贸易和提升消费者信心起到至关重要的作用。巴厘岛会议通过了《巴厘部长宣言》，取得了“一揽子”的共识，史称“早期收获”。中国在多哈回合农业谈判中的总体立场和目标是“澄清和改进规则、加严纪律、防止滥用”，全程深度参与谈判过程和规则制定过程。本文综合地论述了中国农业补贴面临的主要问题，在系统地分析了问题产生背后的制约因素的基础上，借鉴主要发达国家的先进经验、结合多哈回合农业谈判新进展，围绕中国农业补贴“保供增收惠民生、改革创新添活力”的总目标和总任务，在WTO相关规则的框架下，以“四化同步”为导向，最终提出了多项建议。更多还原

【Abstract】 Agricultural subsidy is the most important and common policy instrument in theaspects of agricultural support, protecting the law and policy system in one country.Its main purpose is to protect its own country’s food safety, maintain stableagricultural prices and guarantee the farmers’ income. With the development ofChinese socialism and the successful Doha Round Negotiations, China’s agriculturalsubsidy laws and policy reforms have also come to a new key stage. It is13yearssince China joined the WTO, the agricultural subsidy laws and policies had aprofound change and also exposed many problems. At first, this paper puts forwardthe extrude problems in China’s agricultural subsidy laws and policies, and thenanalyzes the restricting factors of these problems. The emergence of China’sagricultural subsidy problems is ultimately determined by the objective conditions ofChina’s agricultural subsidy. Among them, the applicable relationship between theinternational law and domestic law is an important factor of restricting China’sagricultural subsidy. The primary causes of researching the agricultural subsidysystem under the WTO frame are how to integrate with the WTO rules, how to applyto the related WTO rules in their own country, how to deal with agricultural tradedispute under the dispute settlement mechanism and so on. The dispute settlementmechanism of WTO solves the agricultural products trade dispute mainly according tothe Agreement on Agriculture, Subsidies and Countervailing Measures Agreement(hereinafter referred to as the SCMA), General Agreement on Tariff and Trade1994(hereinafter referred to as the GATT1994). At the same time, China’s agriculturalsubsidy is also largely affected by the technical barriers of SPS and TBT.The Agreement on Agriculture and the Draft Modalities revised in December2008are the two most important restraining factors among all the rules under theWTO frame and there will be an individual analysis for it in this paper. TheAgreement on Agriculture is the most important international agreement forrestraining China’s agricultural subsidy laws and policies among all the internationallaws under the WTO frame and it is superior to other international laws and domesticlaws in dealing with the agricultural product trade disputes. And the domestic supportrule is the important content of The Agreement on Agriculture and also the core of China’s agricultural subsidy. China has informed the eight used measures which weresupported by Chinese to WTO agricultural committee and these measures have playedan important role in China’s agriculture and even in China. But the author considersthat the12“green box” measures listed in annex2of The Agreement on Agriculturehave been applied in China while China’s “ambor box” measures exist some problems,such as the pattern is relatively single, the stimulating effect to the production is notvery remarkable and the specificity of the subsidy is still not prominent. In addition,China still hasn’t applied the “blue box” measures and the opportunity of applying the“blue box” measures in the short term is not mature. The Draft Modalities is thephased objective of Doha Round agricultural negotiations. As the most completenegotiation copywriting so far, the Draft Modalities is the most important negotiationcopywriting for guiding and restricting the future development trend of China’sagricultural subsidy. The Draft Modalities further makes clear about the reformdirection of the trade liberation pushed by the Doha Round negotiations and maintainsthat the trade liberation will bring more interests for each member country,encourages each member to participate in the negotiations actively, eliminates barriers,breaks the deadlock, maintenances the fair,free and transparent system of theinternational agricultural products trade and tries to reach a consensus as soon aspossible and signs a new round of multilateral agricultural agreement(MAT).Domestic support measures are not only the core issue of Doha Round agriculturalnegotiations but also are the negotiating content which has the closest relationshipwith China.This paper will continue to analyze the future trend of China’s agriculturalsubsidy combined with the latest achievements of Doha Round agriculturalnegotiations. The Doha Round negotiations broke the ice in December2013Baliconference after13years of hard works. The success of Doha Round agriculturalnegotiations will have an actual and profound effect on the agricultural subsidysystem of each WTO member and play an essential role in reinvigorating the globalagricultural product trade and increasing the consumer confidence. The BaliConference passed the Declaration of Bali Minister and achieved the consensus of a“package”, known as “Bid to Harvest”. China’s overall position and goal in the DohaRound agricultural negotiations is to “clarify and improve the rules, tightened thedisciplines and prevent abuses”, deeply involved in the whole negotiation process andthe rule-making process. This paper discusses the main issues that China’s agricultural subsidy faces comprehensively. On the basis of analyzing the restricting factors of theproblems, it puts forward many suggestions in the end by drawing on the advancedexperiences of developed countries and combining the new progress of Doha Roundagricultural negotiations, focusing on the general objective and assignment “guaranteethe supply, increase the income, benefit people’s livelihood and add the vitality byreforming and innovation” of China’s agricultural subsidy under the framework ofWTO rules with the direction of “four synchronous modernization”.更多还原