关于中国生态博物馆的初步研究

【作者】 于富业；

【导师】 苏荣誉；

【作者基本信息】 南京艺术学院 ， 艺术学， 2014， 博士

【副题名】以贵州生态博物馆群和浙江安吉生态博物馆群为例

【摘要】 生态博物馆理念始于20世纪70年代初的法国，目前已被不少国家接受并付诸实践。生态博物馆旨在打破传统博物馆的空间束缚，将社区内的自然环境、文化遗产进行整体性的协同保护，特别关注了生活于特定自然环境中、与文化遗产密切相关的人的因素和诉求，以促进社区文化认同以及人、物、环境的和谐发展。中国生态博物馆的建设始于20世纪90年代中期，目前已建有二十余座生态博物馆，但是其效果并不乐观，原因出于多方面，本文即是对这些问题的初步分析研究。首先，本文从环境主义思潮、博物馆分化以及文化多样性保护等角度出发，分析生态博物馆理念产生的根本原因，探讨生态博物馆理念在法国、加拿大、美国、瑞典、日本、英国的传播与实践，并从宏观上归纳分析生态博物馆在实践过程中出现的问题。这些问题在中国也不同程度地存在。其次，从中国生态博物馆建设与发展的理论认识，自然分布、分类与代际划分等方面阐述中国生态博物馆的概况，并以贵州生态博物馆群和浙江安吉生态博物馆群为考察对象，通过实地调查，了解原住民对生态博物馆建设的认识和态度，从兴建的背景和条件、具体的建设过程、运营管理三个层面详细剖析中国生态博物馆的建设与发展情况，并对比分析贵州生态博物馆群和浙江安吉生态博物馆群的异同。最后，本文从中国国情出发，参照国内外生态博物馆的建设与发展实践，结合实地考察的结果对中国生态博物馆的建设与发展进行思考，阐述中国生态博物馆建设目前所取得的成绩，利用“批判博物馆学”、“社会生态学”理论，结合“二律背反”对中国生态博物馆建设与发展过程中出现的问题进行分析，并探讨这些问题出现的原因及相应的解决思路。认为在经济发展水平较高的前提下，中国生态博物馆建设首先应回归民间，让原住民认知生态博物馆理念，自发、自组织地发起生态博物馆建设行动，并设计、规划好持续运营的路径，政府和社会有限地给予支持，社会民众广泛参与，才能成为生态博物馆发展的有效途径，才能使中国的生态博物馆在保护生态环境、传承文化遗产、促进社区发展等方面更好地发挥作用。更多还原

【Abstract】 The concept of ecomuseum began in the early1970s in France; it has been adopted and practiced inmany countries around the world. The ecomuseum targets to break the restrain from the space，and holisticcoordinated protect the community’s natural environment, cultural heritage and pay special attention to theinhabitants who live in a particular natural environment, closely related to the cultural heritage of thehuman factors and demands，so as to improve the community’s culture’s recognition and the developmentamong the human, the existing, and the environment. Nearly30ecomuseums have been built in China fromthe middle of the1990s, but the operating situation is not optimistic because of many factors. From theenvironment and museum different perspectives, fundamental causes of ecomuseum concept are briefly tobe analyzed.Above all, from the angles of both environmental thoughts, the museum differentiation and theprotection of cultural diversity, the basic root of the concept of ecomuseum is to be analyzed and thesituations of the exploration of the concept of ecomuseum in France, Canada, the United States, Sweden,Japan, and British is to be introduced, basing on which the macroscopic ecomuseum problems in theprocess of practice are inductively analyzed since these problems may also exist in China.Secondly,from the theoretical knowledge of construction and development, the natural distribution,classification and generational divide, the construction and development problems about Chineseecomuseums to expound the general situation of it.Then taking Guizhou ecomuseum groups andZhejiang Anji ecomuseum groups as investigation objects, through the investigating and researching on theacceptance and the attitudes of the native inhabitants, from these three layers－the background andconditions of the construction, concrete construction process and operation management of the Chineseecomuseums, and comparative analysis the differences between Guizhou ecomuseum groups and ZhejiangAnji ecomuseum groups.Last but not the least, rooted in the nowadays China’s real situation, the rethought is undertaken withthe reference to the practice experience of ecomuseum in domestic and abroad combining with field surveyresults reflected on the development of China’s ecomuseums.Expound the achievements of theecomuseums in China, the existing problems of Chinese ecomuseum will be analyzed with the theories:"critique of the museum to learn",“social ecology” and “antimony”,then the causes and solving ideas are tobe disscussed.From all the analysis above, it’s true that under the high economy development, China’secomuseums must come back to the native areas, informing the inhabitants with the concept of theecomuseums can courage them to launch the action of ecomuseums building actively and make themdesign, plan the operation lines by themselves. At the same time, it is an effective way to developecomuseums with the broad participation but the limited support from the government and society, thus thepositive effects from the ecomuseums can be better promoted in protecting ecological environment,keeping the cultural heritage, and improving the community development.更多还原