【作者】 王萍；

【导师】 毛丹；

【作者基本信息】 浙江大学 ， 政治学理论， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 在国家、市场与社会机制的共同作用下,现代化洪流冲击中的村庄命运,应该不只有走向终结这一种趋势。相反,在经济变迁、社会文化重组和国家角色再调整的综合作用下,村庄转型正在经历一场复杂的,从农业型社区到居住型社区的转型。这意味着,从经济变迁的维度来看,村庄会出现从农业经济组织转向某种不确定的社区经济组织；从社会文化重组的角度来看,村庄将会从传统的地域型社区向现代的功能型社区转变；从国家角色的再调整来看,村庄会从国家的基层治理单位向国家与社会共同治理单位的转变。村庄转型是指村庄从一种组织形态到另一种组织形态的质性的变化。从发达国家乡村转型研究的经验来看,选择合适的研究单位非常重要。相比较而言,英美等国的乡村常常作为一个“非都市区”、甚至是一种文化建构,或者常处于“后乡村”的状况,这与我们的“村庄”有着明显差异。因此,本研究首先强调把村庄作为基本研究单位的重要意义,强调其作为村落共同体、行政单位、国家治理单元的内在涵义,明确其在理论研究、日常生活中所扮演着实质性意义。在市场机制和国家机制的共同作用下,村庄经济普遍出现了“去农业化”的变迁,表现在我国农村劳动力的非农化、农村土地的非农化以及农业的非生产化等方面。换句话说,随着农业与村庄的日益分离,村庄则出现了农业“去中心化”和“后农业化”发展趋势,如工业化村庄、消费型村庄、空心村以及季节性村庄等各种复杂类型。更为重要地是,“去农业化”不仅带来了村庄结构转型,如农民分化以及村庄权力结构的分化,而且导致了村庄功能的转型,如从生产功能逐步向居住、消费等多功能的转变。在这种趋势下,国内不少农业村庄的存续和发展则似乎成为了一个“反例”,因为它们仍然非常有活力地展示出农业与村庄之间独特的社会联结关系,从而为村庄转型的路径选择提供了更为积极的一面。城市化作为现代化的主旋律,其内在的诉求有两种：减少乃至终结村庄,边缘化村庄。因此,村庄的现代命运常常被置于弱质化发展的通道中,即村庄运行资源的缺失以及同步出现的共同体消解趋势。简言之,村庄出现了“去社区化”发展。从已有经验来看,弱质村庄的发展需要政府发挥更加积极地主导作用,从而带来一条村庄复兴之路。就我国近年兴起的农村社区建设来说,不仅意味着国家在战略层面承认村庄存在的必要性,同时把村庄作为一个政治性的单位组织,是国家提供公共服务的基础和依据,并且强调其在共同体意义上,发挥着重要的社会整合作用。同时,合村并居、公共服务下乡、大力发展乡村旅游以及建设社区的做法能否真正地在制度、社区意义上推动国家与村庄、城市与村庄的友好相处,这有待于在策略上重新评估。村庄公共物品供给不足,村庄社会的失序化发展等所谓村庄治理危机,主要呈现为国家力量对农村社会控制能力的下降。同时,我们注意到治理危机与村庄市场化、城市化发展几乎是同步出现的,集中在土地、农业税、新农村建设等重大制度变迁的层面。治理危机给村庄转型带来的影响则表现为农民生产策略的调整、社区组织社会控制力的弱化、国家与社会力量之间的妥协以及中间农民的崛起。总之,国家与村庄关系的再调整,意味着村庄正在逐步从自治社区到共治社区的转型,而这一切,除了国家制度和村庄社会重组的共同作用之外,也得益于日益兴起的新农村运动。可以说,村庄转型的动力机制既有经济及其市场要素的变迁,亦有社会及文化重构的力量,也有国家角色再调整的作用,是一种综合作用机制。在村庄转型路径的选择上,则会出现多样化的可能,既有“去农业化”,也有“再农业化”的转型；既有“去社区化”,也有“社区再造”的转型；既有治理危机的发生,也有新乡村运动的反向保护力量的发挥,这些均可以在当下中国村庄转型的过程中被观察、被捕捉到。更多还原

【Abstract】 This paper argues that under the common impact of state, market and society mechanisms, the fate of villages in modernization flood, not only towards the end of this kind of trend. On the contrary, the comprehensive effect of adjustment in the role of economic change, social cultural restructuring and the transformation of village, is undergoing a complicated, from the agricultural community to the transformation of residential community. This means that, from the perspective of the dimensions of economic change, the village will be shifted from agricultural economic organizations to some uncertainty of community economic organization; From the perspective of social and cultural restructuring, the village will be geographic communities from the traditional to the modern functional community change; From the perspective of the readjustment of national character, the village will be from national grassroots governance unit to the national and social co-governance together.Village transformation means from a kind of organization form to another form of organization of the qualitative change. Research experience from developed countries rural transformation, select the appropriate research unit is very important. Rural countries such as Britain and America, by contrast, often as an "no-urban areas", even if it is a kind of cultural construction, or often "post-rural", it has obvious difference with our "village". So the first emphasizes the significance of the village as the basic research unit, emphasizing its as village community, administrative unit, inner meaning of the governing unit, in its theory research, clearly plays a substantial significance in daily life.The market mechanism and national mechanism, under the function of village economy generally appeared the change of "de-agricultural", in China’s rural labor force non-agriculture, non-production of rural land and non-agricultural of agriculture, etc. In other words, with the separation of agriculture and village, the village is the agricultural "decentralization" and "post-agricultural" after developing trend, such as industrial village, consumer village, hollow village and all sorts of complex types such as seasonal village. More importantly,"de-agricultural" not only brought the village structure transformation, such as differentiation of farmers and village power structure, and lead to the transformation of the function of the village, such as living, from the production function gradually to the transition of the consumption function. Under this trend, the survival and development of domestic many agricultural village seems to have become a "counter-example".They still have a lot of energy to show the unique social coupling relationship between agriculture and village, to the route choice of village transformation provides a more positive side.Urbanization as the theme of modernization, its internal demand has two kinds: reduce or end village, marginalized village. Therefore, the village of modern fate is often placed in a weak development of channels, namely the village community of running the lack of resources and synchronous trend, namely village "de-community" development. From existing experience, weak village development needs the government play a more active role, resulting in a village renewal. As for our country in recent years, the rise of the rural community construction, means that countries admit the necessity of the village, and in the strategic level and at the same time the village organization as a political unit, is the foundation of the countries to provide public services and basis, and emphasize its sense, in the community play an important role in social integration. At the same time, Merging villages, public service to the countryside, develop the rural tourism and the construction of community of practice can really push the relationship of nation-village,city-village friedly, it needs to be on the strategy review.The lack of village public goods supplies, the village social disorder of the development of village governance crisis, mainly appears as the declining ability of the state power control over rural society. At the same time, we noticed that the governance crisis and the village of marketization, urbanization is almost synchronization, focused on the land, the agricultural tax, the new rural construction and other major institutional change. Trends in the transformation of village governance is characterized by farmers, the adjustment of production strategy, community organization the weakening of social control, strength the compromise between state and society, and the rise of the middle peasants. In short, the readjustment of relation between nation and village, means that the village is gradually from the transformation of autonomous community to co-governance community, and all this, in addition to the common role of state system and the village social restructuring, also benefit from the emerging of the new village movement.Village transformation, as it were, the dynamic mechanism of both the economy and the change of market factors, also have the power of the social and cultural reconstruction, also has the role to adjust the role of, is a comprehensive mechanism. And, on the way of transformation of village choice, will appear the possibility of diversification, both the "de-agricultural", also has the transformation of "re-agricultural"; There are both "de-community" and "community reengineering" transformation; Both governance crisis occurred, but also the existence of the new village movement of reverse power protection, these all can was detected, can was captured in the process of transformation of Chinese village.更多还原