【作者】 苍松；

【导师】 王云龙；

【作者基本信息】 东北师范大学 ， 世界史， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 从长时段的角度理解，14世纪中叶至16世纪30年代，英国正处于从中世纪后期向现代社会转型的初始阶段，英国经济发展跌宕起伏，从萧条到复苏；政治进程变数较多，从纷争到重建；社会动荡，矛盾和问题积累较多。这种状态既为英国向现代社会的发展带来了压力，又为变革与进步准备条件和创造了机会。经历了黑死病的打击，英国经济面临残酷的调整，15世纪末开始复苏并快速发展，生产方式经营方式发生了变革，但是也带来的新的社会矛盾；政府孱弱的治理能力在黑死病中也暴露无遗，都铎政府为提升治理能力付出了巨大努力，但也因宗教改革政策顶层设计不足引发了信仰冲突，激化了社会矛盾；黑死病造成的社会秩序混乱的局面，又因接连不断的瘟疫、战争、动乱迟迟没有彻底的好转，给各个阶层留下了深刻的历史记忆。这一切变化的压力将都铎时代英格兰北方民众裹挟进了向现代社会转型的巨流之中。1536年10月发生的求恩巡礼骚乱起因于宗教改革，是英格兰北方民众对现代化转型时期各种矛盾和压力的一种应激反应，是对精神和世俗社会各种不满的长期累积与总爆发。求恩巡礼骚乱广义上包括林肯郡的骚乱，整个骚乱过程可分两个阶段，第一个阶段（1536年10月初-12月初），在林肯郡骚乱的影响和激发下，北方诸郡求恩者逐渐形成了九支武装队伍，他们以阿斯克（Aske）为核心领导人物，以武力为后盾，同亨利八世政府派出的代表诺福克公爵等进行了谈判，骚乱代表形成了表达不满和诉求的二十四项条款，双方达成了休战协议。第二个阶段（1536年12月初-1537年2月），二十四项条款被骚乱代表成员呈送给亨利八世，亨利政府对民众诉求的反应并不积极，而是始终坚持镇压策略。不过摄于民众人数众多，担心事态进一步激化，于是一方面与骚乱代表进行谈判、协商、休战，另一方面暗地安抚分化、积极募军备战。在等待国王正式回复期间，北方各地骚乱不断，最终促使亨利八世放弃了最初的承诺，残酷地镇压了各地的骚乱，包括阿斯克在内的骚乱领导人被处决。整次骚乱历时近五个月，涉及到北方主要郡县，参加者包括贵族、乡绅、教士和各式平民。促发骚乱因素较多，既有亨利八世治理政策调整变化的作用，特别是宗教改革造成的冲击与不适，又有长期以来北方社会发展的滞后、地位的弱势、解散修道院的特别冲击等因素的影响，此外，官绅为恶、政府征税、圈地运动、物价高企、谣言煽惑等因素或者在整个骚乱中或者在北方社会的具体地区起到了刺激、推动的作用，也更深刻暴露了当时多种矛盾社会纠结的合力影响。亨利政府成功解决了这次大规模的群众骚乱事件，并在处置骚乱过程中汲取了重要的社会治理经验，也为进一步推动变革铺平了道路、提供了契机，促进了宗教改革、政府机构革命、军事制度强化等，这些都为建立在国会主权原则之上的英国近代宪政体制初步形成奠定了基础。同时，亨利八世也看到改革与稳定的极端重要性，对一些引发社会矛盾的法令、政策进行了调适，当嗣后看到宗教改革可能再次触发新的社会动荡后，毫不犹豫地镇压了改革派。求恩巡礼骚乱也显现了公共领域国民整体性在骚乱中的作用，北方区域的自由和特权在求恩巡礼骚乱后被国家治理迅速接手，这也对英国民族国家的发展具有重要意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 From the mid-14th century to the1530s, England is in the initial stages of transforming fromthe late Middle Ages being to a modern society. During that period, the England economyexperiences ups and downs from recession to recovery; the political process is more variable, fromstrife to reconstruction; the social order is not settled with accumulation of many contradictionsand problems. This state has not only put pressure on the England’s development towards amodern society, but also prepared conditions and created opportunities for the England’s changeand progress. Having suffered from the Black Death, the England’s economy faces brutaladjustment. At the end of the15thCentury, the England’s economy begins to recover and developsrapidly, as changes occurs to its production and operation modes, but new social contradictionsalso come up; weak governance capacity of the government is completely exposed in the period ofthe Black Death, the Tudor’s government struggles to enhance its capacity to govern, however,due to the defects of its religious reform policies, belief conflicts are caused, which intensify socialcontradictions; the social chaos caused by the Black Death does not get completely settled becauseof the continuous plague, wars and unrest, leaving each social class a deep historical memory. Allthese changes under pressure push all people in the north of England in the Tudor’s era into thestream of transition to a modern society.Due to the Reformation the Pilgrimage of Grace Riots take place in October,1536. However, itis a stress response of the people of northern England facing various contradictions and pressuresduring modern transformation; it is also a total outbreak of long-term accumulation of diversediscontent with social spirits and the secular society. The Pilgrimage of Grace Riots broadlyinclude the Lincolnshire riot. It can be divided into two stages. The first stage (from early Octoberto early December of1536) is provoked by the unrest in Lincolnshire. Pilgrims of northern shiresgradually forms nine armed braches headed by Aske. Backed by force, they conduct negotiationswith Duke of Norfolk sent by the Henry VIII’s government as its representative. The riotrepresentatives express their dissatisfaction and demands through forming twenty-four articles,and the two sides reach a truce agreement. The second stage (from early December of1536toFebruary of1537), twenty-four articles are presented by the riot representatives to Henry VIII, butHenry’s government does not positively respond to public demands while even sticks to repressionstrategy. However, taken in a large number of people, fearing further intensification of thesituation, Henry’s government on the one hand negotiates and consults with the riot representatives and agrees to truce, on the other hand secretly appease differentiation and activelyraise military preparations. During the time of waiting for a formal reply from the king, riotsconstantly occur across the north, which eventually causes Henry VIII’s giving up his initialcommitments and brutally suppressing the riots in different places. The riot leaders are executed,including Aske. The whole riots last nearly five months, related to the main shires and counties inthe north, with participants including the nobility, gentry, clergy, and all kinds of civilians. Thereare many factors leading to the riots: the changes and adjustments made by Henry VIII on hisgovernance policy, especially the shock and discomfort caused by the religious reform; thenorthern lagging in social development and disadvantages of its status as well as the impact of thedissolution of the monastery, etc. Moreover, evil Ministers, government taxes, the enclosuremovement, high prices, and flooding rumors take the effect of inciting and provoking unrestseither for the entire riots or in some specific regions in the northern society. It exposes thatprofound influences can be made by many social contradictions tangled together.Henry’s government successfully solves the large-scale mass riots and gets experience in socialgovernance from the process of dealing with the riots, which paves the way and providesopportunities for further promoting the reform, pushes forward religious reform and governmentalrevolution, as well as strengthens its military regime. All of these have made a good foundation forthe initial forming of the modern British constitutional system which is based on the principle ofparliamentary sovereignty. Meanwhile, Henry VIII also sees the extreme importance of reform andstability, so he makes some adjustments to laws and decrees which may lead to social conflicts.When noticing religious reform may once again trigger social unrests, Henry VIII does not hesitateto suppress the reformers afterwards. In contrast, the Pilgrimage of Grace Riots show the role ofthe public that plays in the riots of national integrity. The freedom and privileges in the northernregion of the country are directly taken over by the government after the Pilgrimage of Grace Riots,which also has important implications for the national development of England.更多还原