【作者】 李万超；

【导师】 赫国胜；

【作者基本信息】 辽宁大学 ， 金融学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 农村融资供给与融资需求之间的结构性不匹配一直是制约中国农村金融改革发展的关键性难题之一。本文旨在通过分析中国农村金融供求结构的现状、成因与基本特征，供求结构的失衡状况及其原因，供求结构失衡下农村金融发展与农村经济增长的相互关系，并借鉴国际经验，从“综合观”的新视角，提出供求结构协调农村金融体系的构建对策。本文以农村金融发展理论、金融资源理论、金融功能理论和制度变迁理论为理论基础。采用借鉴和创新相结合，定性与定量、理论与实证分析相结合，历史分析与逻辑分析相结合等方法进行研究。按照“提出问题——分析问题——解决问题”的思路展开。提出问题：农村供求结构失衡是制约中国农村金融改革发展的关键性难题，并对国内外相关的理论与实证研究进行了综述，提出了本研究的出发点。分析问题：首先，对本文所涉及的基本概念进行了界定，对本文相关的经济金融理论进行了解读；其次，分析了中国“自上而下”农村金融改革推动下的金融供给结构和“自下而上”农村经济改革所引致的金融需求结构，主要包括农村金融供给概况、农村金融制度改革、农村金融供给主体、农村金融服务及其创新以及农村金融供给特征与农村金融功能，农村金融需求主体、农村金融需求服务、农村金融需求特征与满足需求的主要方式；再次，从总量、层次性、覆盖度和可持续性等四个方面分析了农村金融供求结构失衡状况及其原因；最后，从微观作用机制、中观产业结构优化和宏观投入产出效率等三个方面对农村金融供求结构失衡所带来的影响进行了实证分析。解决问题：从“综合观”视角出发，在借鉴国外农村金融体系发展实践经验的基础上，提出供求结构协调农村金融体系的构建对策。通过分析可知：一是把农村金融资源理论与农村金融发展理论有机结合起来，提出了分析农村经济与金融关系的新范式——“综合观”，“综合观”实现了“机构观”和“功能观”的协调统一，是推进中国农村金融体系改革的新视角。二是中国农村金融供给具有“一强二高一弱化”特征，即：“一强”指中国农村金融供给结构基本上是政府强制性制度变迁的结果；“二高”指农村金融供给结构的高度“垄断化”和“同质化”，其中“同质化”又包括供给主体性质的同质化和供给服务的同质化；“一弱化”指农村金融机构，特别是农村信用社的法人治理结构还比较弱化，需进一步改革完善。而不同性质农村金融机构的缺失导致相应农村金融特殊功能的缺位以及整体功能的失效。三是农村经济不同发展阶段的特征决定了农村金融需求主体及其所需服务的变化方向，总体上看，中国农村金融需求呈现季节性和分散复杂性、低收益和高风险、可抵押品少和交易成本高、差异性和层次性、缺少市场化投融资主体等五方面特征。而机构与功能层次都不健全的农村金融体系难以有效满足农村金融需求。四是通过总量、层次性、覆盖度和可持续性等四个方面对农村金融供求结构失衡状况及其原因的分析，发现由于农村金融供求结构的不匹配，中国目前的农村金融体系是依靠高成本维持了一个基本的金融服务，农村需求主体的金融满足度仍然比较低，农村金融体系的商业可持续性还比较差。五是实证结果表明，由于农村金融供求结构的失衡，无论是中国农村金融发展与经济增长的微观作用机制、中观的产业结构优化，还是宏观的投入产出效率都是低效的，未能充分发挥金融对资源的配置功能，实现经济金融的协调发展。针对上述结论，在借鉴国际经验的基础上，结合国情，提出了中国供求结构协调农村金融体系构建的总体目标与基本原则、具体对策以及相关的配套政策措施。其中，具体发展对策包括：改造主要农村金融机构；鼓励和支持各类新型农村金融组织；进一步加快推进农业保险发展；引导和规范非正规金融；加大农村金融服务创新力度。相关配套政策措施包括：建立健全农村金融法律法规；协调整合各类涉农政策和支农资金；改革农村金融监管体制；加强农村居民金融知识普及宣传与农村地区金融人才培养；打造良好农村信用环境。更多还原

【Abstract】 Structural mismatch between rural finance-supply and demand has always been oneof the key issues that restrict development of China’s rural financial reform. This paperaims to analyze the current situation, causes and basic characteristics of China’s ruralfinance-supply and demand structure, the unbalance situation of supply and demandstructure and its reasons, and the relationship between rural financial development andrural economic growth in supply and demand structural unbalance. The paper putsforward the measures to construct the supply and demand structure and coordinate ruralfinancial system from the new perspective of "comprehensive view", and take somereference from international experience.This paper bases on the theory of rural financial development, financial resources,financial function and the institutional change, and does the research with thecombination of reference and innovation,qualitative and quantitative analysis,theoretical and empirical analysis, historical and logical analysis. We expound thepaper with the thoughts of “putting forward-Analyzing-solving the problems”. Puttingforward questions: structural unbalances of rural supply and demand is the key issuethat restricts development of China‘s rural financial reform, gives the domestic andforeign related literature on theoretical and empirical research, and poses the startingpoint of the research.Analysis the problems: firstly, the paper defines the basicconcepts involved in this article, and interprets the relevant economic and financialtheories; secondly, the paper analyzes China’s financial supply structure propelled by"Top-Down" style of rural financial development and financial demand structure by "Top-Down " style of rural economic reform,mainly including the general situation ofrural finance supply, rural financial system reform, rural financial supply subject,rural financial service and its innovation, as well as the characteristics of supply ofrural finance, and rural financial function, rural financial demand subject, ruralfinancial demand service and characteristics of rural financial demand service and themain way to meet the demand; thirdly, the paper analyses the situation of ruralfinancial supply-demand structural unbalances and its causes from total amount,hierarchy, coverage and sustainability; lastly, the paper analyses the impact from the microscopic effect mechanism, Meso-industrial structure optimization, outputefficiency of macroscopic input on rural financial supply-demand structural unbalancesin terms of empirical evidence. Solving the problems: from the perspective of"comprehensive view”, the paper puts forward the measures to construct structure ofdemand and supply and harmonize rural financial system.Base on above analysis, we know that: firstly, the paper combines organicallyrural financial resources theory and rural financial development theory, puts forward anew paradigm of analyzing the relationship between rural economics and finance--"comprehensive view", which achieves harmonious unification of the "institutionalview" and " functional view", and is a new perspective to promote the reform of China’srural financial system. Secondly, China’s rural finance supply has the characteristics of"one strong-two high-one weak", namely:" one strong" refers to that the China’s ruralfinancial supply structure basically is the result of the official mandatory system changes;"two high" refers to the strong "monopoly" and "homogenization" of rural financialsupply structure, and the "homogenization" includes nature of the main body of suppliesand supply services;"one weak" refers to that the rural financial institutions, especiallythe corporate governance structure of rural credit cooperatives is relatively weak,needing further reform and define. Lacking rural financial institutions with differentnature may lead to the failure of the correspondingly rural finance special function aswell as the absence of the overall function.Thirdly; the characteristic of different stagesof the rural economy development determines the change direction of rural financialdemanding party and the desired service. On the whole, China’s rural financial demandpresents the five characteristics of seasonality and disperse complexity, low income andhigh risk, sufficient collateral and high transaction costs, diversity and hierarchy, thelack of major party of investment and financing with market-orientation. The ruralfinancial system with imperfect institution and function is difficult to meet the demand ofrural finance effectively.Fourthly, through analyzing the situation of rural financialsupply-demand structural unbalances from the total amount, hierarchy, coverage andsustainability and its causes, we find the mismatch of rural financial supply and demandstructure, the present rural financial system of China relies on high cost to maintain thebasic financial services, and financial satisfaction degree of rural major demanding party is still relatively low, the commercial sustainability of rural financial system is stillrather poor. Lastly, the empirical results show that, whether micro mechanism ofChina’s rural financial development with economic growth, the structural optimizationof the Meso-industrial, or macro input-output efficiency, all are inefficient, due tounbalance in the rural finance structure of demand and supply, fail to give full play tothe function of financial allocation of resources and realize the coordinated developmentof economy and finance.For this conclusion, based on the reference from international experience andcombining the national conditions, the paper puts forward the overall aims andprinciples, specific developing countermeasures and related supporting policy measuresto construct China’s structure of supply and demand to coordinate rural financial system.Specific developing countermeasures include: to reform main rural financial institutions;to encourage and support every type of the new rural financial organization; toaccelerate the development of agricultural insurance further; to guide and standardize theinformal finance; to increase the innovation of rural financial service degreely. Relatedsupporting policy measures include: to establish and perfect rural financial laws andregulations; to coordinate and integrate various policies and funds; to reform ruralfinancial supervision system; to strengthen the propagation of rural financial knowledgeand cultivating the talent of rural residents; and to create a good rural creditenvironment.更多还原