【作者】 姜庆丹；

【导师】 杨松；

【作者基本信息】 辽宁大学 ， 经济法学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 发展权是一项基本的、新型的、综合性的人权，以发展权这一母体性的权利为依托，从农民这一主体向度，循金融这一客体向度，提出农民金融发展权这一法律概念。农民金融发展权的提出，以金融包容理念为伦理基础，以后现代法学的实质正义观为价值归依，是发展权理论在实质正义观和金融包容理念辐照下的深化。农民金融发展权作为金融发展权项下的一项子权利，属于国民金融发展权，与国家金融发展权地位平等且互动博弈；农民金融发展权以整体金融发展权为实现方式，以个人金融发展权为实现目标；农民金融发展权以内生性的市场自我促进金融发展权为基础，以外生性的政府促进金融发展权为补充，在法律性质上属于兼具公权和私权特征的经济法上的权利。农民金融发展权内涵深刻，包括金融发展主体权、自由融资权、公平融资权、融资合作权和金融发展救济权五个方面。其中，金融发展主体权是前提和基础，自由融资权、公平融资权和融资合作权统称为融资权，是核心和关键，金融发展救济权是保障。以农民金融发展权为视角研究合作金融法律制度创新问题，可以有效解决国际社会提出的发展权“国内法保护”问题，可以为发展权内涵的“部门法”具体化和发展权实现的“部门法”保障化开创先河。农民金融发展权的提出，体现了金融二元化下农民作为一类特殊的主体在追求自身金融权益满足过程中所产生的新的权利要求和制度供给，是对以金融效率和金融安全为引领的传统金融法学的反思和解构，有助于推动传统金融法学理念、价值、制度、体系的更新和完善。根据纳克斯的“贫困恶性循环论”，发展中国家城乡经济发展的不均衡性实质上体现为城乡实物资本获取能力上的差异，资金成为农民经济发展的短板，更是解决农民经济发展的关键。在市场金融环境中，农民由于抵押担保品缺失、经济收入不稳定、经营风险高、金融基础设施短缺、信用文化不足等原因，而成为融资弱势群体，如果完全按照市场经济规律和商业性金融机构开展业务的标准和宗旨参与金融市场和金融活动，必然导致农村金融资源的外流和农民金融发展权的落空。农村合作金融作为农民资金互助和信用联合的合作性金融组织，产权制度的属农性、管理制度的民主性、主体法律形态的社团法人性、资金运作的社区性、设立宗旨的互助性，与农民金融发展权设立目标相同、价值取向一致、实施机制互促，两者具有天然的契合。我国农村合作金融的发展现状可以概括为：以农村信用合作社为代表的传统农村合作金融缺乏法律规制，在股份制改革的异化发展之路上离农渐远；以农村资金互助社为代表的新型农村合作金融缺乏立法扶持而不具备设立的普遍性和发展的可持续性；以各种“会”为代表的非正规合作金融因为不被法律认可而处于发展的灰色地带。农村合作金融地位的特殊性、发展的长期性和现实的复杂性，使得其对法制化要求迫切。梳理和分析我国现有农村合作金融法律法规，从立法的层级上看，我国尚没有专门的《合作金融法》，合作金融相关立法规范散见于部委规章和规范性文件，法律效力较低，稳定性和权威性不足；从立法的模式来看，多是与商业性银行统一立法或是参照商业性银行的相关立法，没有实现专门立法；从立法的性质来看，多是金融公法性质的规制，而鲜有金融私法性质的保护；从立法的内容来看，尽管涉及到了各类农村合作金融组织的准入退出、业务运营、组织管理和金融监管等，但欠缺对社员金融发展权和合作金融组织自治权的确认和尊重；从立法的价值取向来看，金融安全和金融效率被奉为圭臬，而金融公平则被置若罔闻。以农民金融发展权为视角审视我国农村合作金融异化发展的制度变迁之路，这其中既有世界合作金融发展的一般规律体现，也有我国金融体制改革的特有轨迹影响，更重要的是我国农村合作金融立法理念、模式、性质、价值和内容与农民金融发展权相背离。论文遵循“选题论证——视角选取——对象界定——现状检视——经验借鉴——价值更新——制度创新”的逻辑，按照“合作金融是什么以及我国农村合作金融发展的现状是什么——合作金融为什么要走法治化发展道路以及我国农村合作金融立法为什么偏离农民金融发展权——怎么样创新我国农村合作金融法律制度使之与农民金融发展权保护相契合”的思路，采用规范研究、价值研究、比较研究和实证研究的方法，在溯源传统、考察现实、镜鉴国外立法的基础上，以农民金融发展权为基础，以金融公平价值为引领，以问题研究为导向，以实证研究为支撑，从市场准入和退出法律制度、产权法律制度、组织管理法律制度、金融监管法律制度以及社员权益保护法律制度五个方面对我国农村合作金融法律制度进行详细的制度设计和创新。更多还原

【Abstract】 The right to development is a kind of basic, new and comprehensive humanrights.The farmers’ right to financial development relies on the right to development assource, the farmer as subject, finance as object. The farmers’ right to financialdevelopment is the deepening of the theory of the right to development,which is based onfinancial inclusion as ethical foundation,substantive justice as value orientation.Thefarmers’ right to financial development subordinate to the right to financial development.The farmers’ right to financial development belongs to civil right to financialdevelopment,which has equal status and interactive game with national right to financialdevelopment. The realization mode is the overall right and the aim is the individual right.The farmers’ right to financial development is based on endogenous rights to promotingfinancial development from the market,exogenous rights to promoting financialdevelopment from the government as a supplementary.The legal nature of the rightsbelongs to economic law,which has the characteristics of both public right and privateright.The farmers’ rights to financial development has profound connotation, includingfive aspects: main body right to financial development,free financing right,fair financingright,cooperative financing right and the relief right to financial development. Amongthem,main body right to financial development is the premise and foundation.Freefinancing right,fair financing right and cooperative financing right can be knowncollectively as the financing right,is the core and key.The relief right to financialdevelopment is the guarantee.Researching on the legal system innovation about FinancialCooperatives from the perspective of the farmers’ right to financial development, caneffectively solve the problem “how to protect the right to development in domesticlaw”proposed by the international communit,can create a precedent for the embodimentand specific law protection of the right to development. The farmers’ right to financialdevelopment reflects the new right claim and institution supply in the pursuit of theirown financial development rights and interests as a special group under thecircumstances of urban—rural dualistic structure,is the reflection and deconstruction onthe traditional financial law led by financial efficiency and financial security,andeventually helps to the perfection and renovation of the traditional financial law from legislative concept,value,regulations and system.According to Nexus’s “vicious cycle of poverty theory”,The imbalance of the urbanand rural economic development in developing countries,is embodied on the ability ofthe physical capital gaining. Funds become shortcomings and the key to the developmentof the farmer. In the financial market environment,Farmers are the vulnerable groups fortheir lack of suitable collateral and stable income, high operation risk,shortage offinancial infrastructures and adequate credit culture. If the full criteria and objectives offinancial operations are carried out in accordance with the rules of market economy andcommercial financial institutions involved in financial markets and financial activities,outflow of rural financial resources and fail to achieve the farmers’ right to financialdevelopment is inevitable. As a fund mutual aid and joint credit organizations,It hasfollowing characteristics：the property right belongs to the farmer,the managementsystem is democratic,the legal form is non-profit corporation,the capital operation islimited within the community,the purpose is mutual aid,which is a natural fit with thefarmers’ right to financial development.They have the same goal and value orientation,mutually reinforcing implement mechanism.Currently, the status of China’s Rural Financial Cooperatives can be summarized asfollows: Rural Credit Cooperatives as a representative of the traditional rural cooperativefinance embarked on the development of the joint-stock revolution because of lackinglegislative regulation. Rural Funds Mutual Aid Organizations as the representative of thenew rural financial cooperative are facing high barriers to entry in law and overlystringent financial regulation in practice, which makes them lack of sustainabledevelopment and universal establishment. Many informal financial cooperativeorganizations represented by various forms are in the grey area because they are notrecognized by the law.The characteristics of particularity, long-term and complexity of rural financialcooperatives determines the urgent need of legalization. Combing and analyzing currentlaws and regulations of rural financial cooperatives in China,we find that：From the levelof legislation,there is no professional “Financial Cooperative Law”,financial cooperativelegislation is given priority to departmental ordinances and normative documents, thelegal effect is low,the stability and authority are still not enough. From the legislationmodel,Most legislations are unified with those of the commercial banks or with reference to the legislation of commercial banks, there is no specific legislation. From theperspective of the nature of legislation,there are mostly financial regulation with thenature of public law, and few financial protection with the nature of private law. Judgingfrom the contents of legislation,although including market admittance, business operation,organizational management and financial regulation,we still lack the recognition andrespect for the rights of membership and the autonomy of the financial cooperativeorganizations. Judging from the value orientation of legislative,financial security andfinancial efficiency is regarded as a criteria,while financial fairness went unnoticed.Examining the alienation on rural cooperative financial development path from theperspective of the right to financial development,it has both the general laws of financialcooperatives,and the characteristics of the financial system reform in China. Moreimportant is the legislation idea,pattern,nature,value orientation and contents deviatingfrom the farmers’ right to financial development.This paper follows the logic of "Research argument-Angle Selection-ObjectDefined-Status Viewing-Experience Learning-Value update-Law Innovation",Accords with the train of thought “what is the financial cooperative and what is the statusof rural cooperative financial development in China？—Why the development of thecooperative finances demand legislation and why the laws and regulations concerningrural cooperative finance in China deviate from the farmers’ right to financialdevelopment？—How to innovate the legal system concerning rural financialcooperatives to fit with the protection of the farmers’ right to financial development.Applying normative analysis,value analysis,comparative analysis and empiricalanalysis,Through tracing back to history,examining reality,learning foreign legislation.On the basis of the farmers’ right to financial development,following financial fair value,adopting the problem-oriented method,supported by empirical research,the paperinnovates legal system on rural financial cooperative in China from five aspects: themarket admittance and retreating system,the legal system of property rights,organizational management system,the legal system of financial supervisionAnd the protection of rights and interests of members.更多还原