【作者】 王畅；

【导师】 曲建武；

【作者基本信息】 辽宁大学 ， 思想政治教育， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 随着我国社会转型的加快，大学生思想政治教育的目标和内容都发生了重大变化，大学生思想政治教育的传统方法越来越不适应大学生思想政治教育的实际，这不但阻碍了学生独立性和个性化的发展，也限制了学生创造性的发挥。其原因在于思想政治教育的传统方法经常忽视学生的个体差异，没有体现“以学生为本”，存在着跟现代社会发展相脱节的倾向。大学生思想政治教育方法只有不断改进和创新，其实效性才能得到进一步的提高，这为当前思想政治教育方法的完善和创新提出了新的要求。新时期，大学生思想政治教育方法必须根据形势的新变化不断进行创新，自觉贯彻以人为本的思想，树立现代的思想政治教育观，以创新求发展，实现对思想政治教育传统方法的超越，将以人为本思想融入到大学生思想政治教育方法中，逐步构建起“以学生为本”的教育方法体系，不断提升大学生思想政治教育的质量。以人为本是一个历史范畴，在中西方传统思想文化中有着丰厚的历史渊源。本文对处于不同历史背景下的以人为本思想，进行了深入分析和梳理，重点论述了马克思主义的以人为本思想，总结了以人为本思想的科学内涵，并对思想政治教育视野下的以人为本思想做了详细分析。思想政治教育必须从人的需要出发，尊重学生的合理需求，把满足学生的个性需求和个性发展作为工作的出发点；必须依靠人的主体性，尊重大学生的主体地位和个体差异，充分发挥人的主观能动性和创造性，并把学生思想政治素质的全面发展作为教育的目的，把教育主体的要求与教育客体的需求统一起来，切实增强思想政治教育的整体有效性。在以人为本的指导下研究大学生思想政治教育方法，首先要深入理解大学生思想政治教育方法的理论内涵。本文从一般方法的概念和特性入手，逐步分析思想政治教育方法的内涵、特征以及与思想政治教育方法论的关系，又分析了大学生思想政治教育方法的内涵、特征和结构体系，并从大学生思想政治教育的教育任务、教育内容和教育效果三个方面概括了方法所发挥的重要作用。对于当前大学生思想政治教育方法的现状，论文首先肯定了大学生思想政治教育方法取得的成绩，表现在其科学性和现代化发展趋势方面都有明显地增强，并在继承传统方法的基础上积极借鉴多学科的教育方法，促进了当代思想政治教育方法论的完善和发展。随着时代的变化和思想政治教育实践的发展，大学生思想政治教育方法也不同程度地存在着各种问题和不足，主要表现为教育者缺乏以人为本的教育理念、传统教育方法与现代教育方法未能实现有机结合、方法的实施缺乏可操作的规范和指导以及尚未形成完善的大学生思想政治教育方法体系等几个方面。产生这些问题的原因主要是由于传统教育观和计划经济思维定式的影响，另外，对思想政治教育方法研究的不足也是原因之一。因此，大学生思想政治教育方法必须在以人为本指导下进行创新，这是适应大学生思想政治教育内容调整、大学生思想形成与发展规律和教育环境发展变化的需要。大学生思想政治教育方法的完善与创新，要以满足和引导大学生的需要为出发点，以充分发挥大学生的主体性为根本导向，以促进大学生的自由全面发展为归宿。在以人为本思想的指导下，大学生思想政治教育方法完善和创新的基本思路主要体现在三方面的层次结构中：在大学生思想政治教育的基本方法中，体现为以理服人的理论教育法、主客体参与的实践教育法和体现艺术性的批评教育法的完善和创新；在大学生思想政治教育的一般方法中，体现为贴近学生实际的榜样示范法、体现学生主体性的自我教育法和以情感人的情感教育法的完善和创新；在大学生思想政治教育的特殊方法中，体现为充满人文关怀的心理学方法、虚拟与现实相结合的网络教育法和“助人自助”的社会工作教育法的完善和创新。只有将以人为本思想与大学生思想政治教育方法进行深度融合，才能有效发挥大学生思想政治教育方法的作用，进而全面提升大学生思想政治教育的实际效果。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the increasing transformation of China’s society, great changes have takenplace in the objectives and the contents in university students ideological and politicaleducation and therefore, the traditional ideological and political education methods areincreasingly unsuitable for the reality of college students, which not only hinders thedevelopment of students ’ independent thinking and individual thinking, but also limitsthe students’ creative thinking. The reasons lie in that the traditional ideological andpolitical education methods have neglected individual differences of students and do notshow the thinking of “students-oriented”, and disconnect with the development trend ofthe modern society. The methods of college students’ ideological and political educationhave to be kept up with the times and constantly improved and innovated. Therefore, theeffectiveness of ideological and political education can be improved to a certain degree,which brings up new demands to the perfection and innovation of ideological andpolitical education methods. In the new era, the methods of college students’ ideologicaland political education must be based on the new changes of the situation and beconstantly innovated, so the methods can consciously implement the thinking of“people-oriented”, establish a modern ideological and political education perspectiveand develop through innovation to surpass the traditional ideological and politicaleducation methods and effectively integrate the “people-oriented” thinking into theideological and political education methods, and constantly construct the educationalmethod system to improve the quality of college students’ ideological and politicaleducation.“People-oriented” thinking is a historical category, which has deep historical rootsboth in the traditional Chinese culture and the Western culture. This paper thoroughlyanalyses and teases the “people-oriented” in different historical backgrounds and attachesgreat importance to Marxist people-oriented thinking, sums up the scientific content of“people-oriented” thinking, and has a detailed analysis of the people-oriented thinkingfrom the perspective of ideological and political education. The ideological and politicaleducation has to start with human beings’ needs, respects students’ reasonablerequirements and considers the satisfaction of students’ individual needs and individual development as the work motivation. Besides, the education should also rely on humanindividuality and respect students’ subject status and individual difference, fullydisplays human beings’ subjective initiative and creativity, taking the overalldevelopment of students’ ideological and political qualities as the aim and unifying therequirement of educational subject and the needs of educational object for the purpose ofstrengthening the overall effectiveness of ideological and political education.The research into the educational methods of college students under the guidance ofpeople-oriented thinking is to deeply understand the theoretical connotation of theideological and political education methods of college students. This paper, starting fromthe concept and characteristics of general methods, gradually probes into the connotationand features of the ideological and political education methods, and the relationship ofthe ideological and political education methodology, furthermore, the paper deals withthe connotation, features and structural system of the ideological and political educationmethods of college students, and summarizes the important role university studentsideological and political education methods play in the education tasks, educationcontents, and education effect of university students ideological and political education.This paper, after analyzing the existing situation of modern university studentsideological and political education methods, first affirms the achievements of universitystudents ideological and political education methods, which are shown through theabvious improvement of scientific and modern development trend, and actively learnsfrom the education methods of many other disciplines on the basis of inheriting thetraditional method, promoting the perfection and development of the modern ideologicaland political education methodology. With the changing times and the development ofideological and political education practice, there have appeared various questions andshortcomings in university students ideological and political education methods, whichare shown through the facts that educators are short of “people-oriented” educationalconcepts, that the traditional education methods have not been combined with the moderneducation methods, that the implementation of the methods is lacking in operationalnorms and guidance, and that the perfect system of university students ideological andpolitical education method has been established, etc. The reasons involve the influence ofthe traditional education and the planned economy mindset, in addition, the insufficient research into the ideological and political education methods. Therefore, the universitystudents ideological and political education methods have to be innovated under theguidance of “people-oriented” thinking, which fit the needs of the content adjustment ofcollege students’ ideological and political education, the college students’ ideologicalformationand development law and the development and change of educationenvironment of college students. The perfection and innovation of the universitystudents’ ideological and political education methods should take meeting and guidingstudents’ needs as the starting point, giving full play to students’ subjectivity as afundamental orientation and promoting students’ free and comprehensive development asthe destination.Under the guidance of people-oriented thinking the basic idea of improving andinnovating the ideological and political education methods is mainly reflected in threeaspects: the basic ideological and political education approaches embody on thetheoretical education method of convincing people by reasoning, the practical educationmethod in which both subject and object take part in and the criticism method whichpromotes democracy; the general methods embody on the method of demonstrationwhich agree with the students’ reality, the self-educating method which shows students’subjectivity and the emotional education method which moves students by feeling; thespecial methods in university students’ ideological and political education embody onpsychological method which shows humanistic concern, the network education methodwhich combines virtual with reality and the education method through taking part insocial work which can help people and help themselves. Only through the way in whichthe people-oriented thinking is integrated with the improvement and innovation ofuniversity students’ ideological and political education methods can the role universitystudents’ ideological and political education methods play be effectively given full play,resulting in enhancing the actual results of the ideological and political education in acomprehensive way.更多还原