【作者】 张会娟；

【导师】 谭忠富；

【作者基本信息】 华北电力大学 ， 技术经济及管理， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 电力产业作为能源工业的重要组成部分,其对能源供应安全具有重要影响,推动电力产业节能是缓解能源供应短缺压力保障能源供应安全的重要途径。我国通过推行发电节能调度、发电权交易、峰谷分时电价、居民阶梯电价等一系列政策,提高清洁能源发电比例,优化电力结构,促进节电降耗,在电力产业发、输、配、供、用各环节取得了一定的节能减排成果。但由于各环节利益的割裂性,已有节能措施仅从各环节自身的效益出发,难以达成电力产业链整体的协调合作,实现节能效益最大化。如何从电力产业链的总体角度出发,协调各环节节能工作的开展,实现各部分节能效益的协同与放大,成为电力产业链节能工作研究与实施的重点。以此为背景,论文基于我国当前的电力机制,针对电力产业链发、输、配、供、用各环节电价引导下促进发电侧、电网侧和用户侧联合节能的优化模型与方法进行研究,旨在为我国电力产业链节能工作的综合开展提供理论参考。关于发电侧节能优化问题,重点研究了发电节能与电煤运输节能的优化模型。在发电节能优化上,分别针对可再生能源发电全额收购、限制部分风电出力、水火联合备用等三种调度方案构建了包括风电、光伏发电、水电、火电等多类型机组的联合调度节能优化模型,研究了既定负荷需求下调度方案对各类型机组发电出力及发电煤耗的影响。优化结果表明基于可调节水电与火电联合备用的多类型机组发电节能调度,将有利于兼顾电力系统的节能效果与经济运行。随后构建了辅助节能优化调度的发电权交易节能降耗优化模型,借助Shapley值法将发电权交易的节能效益在各参与主体之间进行分配,并依据节能贡献率确定各交易对中参与机组所得利润增量与置换价格。在电煤运输节能优化上,以电煤采购成本最小化为目标,分别构建了单一发电企业电煤供应与运输路径动态优化模型和区域电煤运输网络联合优化模型,对发电煤炭需求变动带来的电煤运输能耗差异进行分析。关于电网侧节能优化问题,重点研究了电网侧输电阻塞管理带来的能耗增量及相应的分摊机制。在输电阻塞管理节能优化上,基于直流最优潮流理论,引入发电机输出功率转移分布因子,构建了以机组发电出力煤耗增量最小为目标不考虑负荷削减的输电阻塞管理节能优化模型,并采用基于配对综合煤耗当量的反向等量配对法进行求解,算例结果表明该模型与方法较其他阻塞管理方法可有效降低输电阻塞的煤耗增量成本。随后基于Aumann-Shapley值法对阻塞煤耗增量在阻塞路径上进行分摊,并构建了基于煤炭能源边际价值的输电引导价格设计模型,为输电线路的扩建与发展提供参考,引导用户用电结构及电源投资方向。在用户侧节能优化方面,首先以天然气联合循环分布式发电系统为例构建了可调节出力的分布式发电系统的运行策略优化模型,并分析了调峰调度与上网电价对分布式发电运行策略的影响。随后基于分布式发电的出力能耗分析,引入可中断负荷的停电阈值价格概念,构建了考虑用户侧分布式发电与可中断负荷参与的阻塞管理联合节能优化模型,研究了发、输、配、供、用各环节的联合节能优化。此外,针对居民阶梯电价,论文构建了以发电节煤最大化为目标的电价优化设计模型,分析了不同分档比例和不同发电结构对发电节能优化效果的影响。在产业链综合节能内在运作机制方面,论文以用户销售电价变动为例,构建了基于电价联动机制的电力产业链综合节能系统动力学模型,通过因果关系图与流积图描绘系统中各环节的发电环节、输配电环节、供用电环节的响应运作机理,借助Vensim软件对电力产业链中发电侧与用户侧的综合节能响应传递机理和电网输电阻塞节能的响应机理进行了仿真模拟,并以电网收益分享比例、煤炭需求价格弹性及火电上网电价调整时间等因素为敏感因子对电力产业链的综合节能效果进行敏感性分析。研究表明,提高销售电价带来的需求侧响应效果将引导电力产业链实现综合节能,然而在电力产业链的综合作用下该需求响应效果将随时间递减,因此需构建基于销售电价的需求侧管理长期调整机制。更多还原

【Abstract】 Power is one of the main constitutions of energy and has great effect on energy supply security. Energy saving of power industry has been one important way for relieving the energy supply shortage pressure. Through the implementation of energy-saving dispatching, generation right exchange, TOU(time-of-use) power price, and resident multi-step power price, which improve the proportion of clean energy power generation and power generation structre, and reduce the consumption and losses of power, positive results have been achieved in energy saving in each part of power generation, power transmission and distribution, and power demand side. However, as each part of the power industry chain pays more attention on their own benefits when carring out energy-saving policies, it is difficult to realize overall coordination and cooperation of the whole power industry and achieve the optimal energy-saving benefits. How to coordinate the energy conservation measures of all participants of the power industry chain to achieve the synergy and amplification of their energy saving benefits have been a key point in the research and implemetaion of power energy-saving policies. Based on above background and current electricity market mechanism, this dissertation studied the comprehensive energy saving methods and optimal models of power industry chain that are electricity price-oriented, and providing theoretical reference for improving the coordination in each part. Based on the power industry chain, this dissertation studied the optimization models and methodology of combined energy savings in power generation, power grid and demand side under the prices in each part of power generation, power transmission and distribution, and power demand side, and designed to provide theoretical reference for the implementation of energy saving policies in power industry chain of China.For the optimization of energy saving in power generation side, this dissertation focused on the optimization models of energy saving in power generation and electricity-coal transportation. Three energy saving optimization models for combined dispatching of multi-type generation units, including wind power generation untis, PV power generation units, hydro-power generation units, and thermal power generation units, were built based on different dispatching polices:the purchasing of electricity generated by renewable energy in full amount, restriction of wind power output, and the joint operation of hydropower and thermal power generation. The combined model includes wind power, photovoltaic power, hydropower, and thermal power. This dissertation studied the effect of dispatching methods on power output and coal consumption in each type of unit with a given load demand. The results showed that energy-saving generation dispatch of multi-type units based on an adjustable standby power combined hydropower with thermal power will achieve a better balance between energy-saving effect and economic operation of power system. An optimization model of energy-saving and emission-reduction for generation rights trade is built. Energy-saving benefits from power rights trade can be allocated among the participants with Shapley-value method. Incremental profit and generation exchange price can be fixed based on the contribution rate of energy-saving. For the optimization of coal transportation, this dissertation established a dynamic optimization model of coal supply and transportation route with a single generation enterprise, and a combined optimization model of coal transportation network. An analysis of energy consumption differences in coal transportation brought by the change of coal demand has been taken in the dissertation.For the optimization of energy saving in power grid side, this dissertation focused on the coal consumption increment and share policy from the transmission congestion management. For the optimization of transmission congestion management, this dissertation introduced GSDF (generation shifted distribution factor) based on DCOPF theory. With the target of the minimum coal consumption increment, an optimization model for the energy-saving in transmission congestion management was built without considering load curtailment. Based on equal and opposite quantity in pairs of comprehensive coal consumption equivalent to solve a numerical example. The result showed that the cost of coal consumption increment in transmission congestion is decreased. The coal consumption increment was allocated in the congestion route based on Aumann-Shapley value method. This dissertation built a price design model of power transmission guiding price based on the energy marginal value. Providing theoretical reference for the development and extension of power transmission line, and guiding the power consumption structure and generation investment.For the optimization of energy saving in demand side, this dissertation built a strategy optimization model of distributed power generation system with an adjusted output by taking the distributed combined cycle gas plant as an example. Analyzing the effect of peak load dispatching and electricity price on distributed power generation. Based on the analysis of distributed power generation output, this dissertation built an optimization model of combined energy-saving in congestion management by introducing the outage threshold price of interruptible load. This model takes the distributed generation in the demand side and interruptible load into consideration and then studies the combined energy-saving optimization of power generation, power transmission and power demand. Moreover, for the tiered pricing, this dissertation built an optimization model of electricity price, which aimed at a maximum coal savings. An analysis of the effect of different gradation and different generation structures on the energy-saving optimization of power generation has been taken in the dissertation. For the inner operating mechanism of comprehensive energy saving in the power industry chain, this dissertation establishes a price-oriented system dynamics model of comprehensive energy saving in the power industry chain. Describing the response operation mechanism between each part through causal loop and flow-stock diagram, and simulate the variation trend and coal-saving effect under the comprehensive function of power industry chain by Vensim. The result shows that, the effect of demand side response of increasing sale price will lead comprehensive energy savings in power industry chain. By increasing sale price and rolling the proceeds into transmission capacity construction, and the compensation of clean energy, it will decrease the power transmission congestion cost and coal consumption. However, the effect of demand response will decrease progressively over time. A long-term adjustment mechanism of sale-price-oriented demand side management is needed.更多还原