【作者】 朱雯；

【导师】 徐祥民；

【作者基本信息】 中国海洋大学 ， 环境与资源保护法学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 我们所处的时代被称作“环境的时代”，这个时代我们面临着一系列前所未有的环境问题。普遍而广泛存在的环境问题催生出了一种新的利益类型——环境利益。法律是实现利益的手段看，环境法也应当是实现环境利益的法。然而，对何为环境利益，不管是学术著作还是法律文件，都没有给出被学界、法律界普遍接受的解释。作为环境时代的新利益，环境利益并不同于民法、刑法等传统法律所保护的人身利益、财产利益、秩序利益等。就算是对于我们所熟悉的一般利益的本质，在哲学、经济学、伦理学、社会学上都有不同的认识，在法学上则有好处说、需要说、主客体关系说、资源说等等。本文认为，利益是客体的有用性与主体收益性的结合。利益存在是因为人有需要，利益来源于人的需要。环境利益是一种新的利益，之所以说它新是因为环境利益的主体不同于以往的利益。以往利益的主体是公民、法人、集体和国家，而环境利益的主体则是人类。环境利益的受益主体不是个体的人，也不是群体的人而是集时间和空间于一体的集合概念的人类。在以往对环境利益的研究中，人们往往将环境利益与环境相关利益混同，正是这种混淆，阻碍了人们正确认识环境利益。实际上，环境相关利益只是具有环境要素的人身利益、财产利益等传统利益。在研究环境利益时，我们一定要时刻警惕环境相关利益的误导。环境利益也不与传统利益一样来自人们需要的满足，环境利益并不是人类创造的，也不是由人的需要决定的，而是自然本身提供的，是自然决定的利益。只有符合人类需要的环境才能给人带来环境利益。环境在什么条件下可以满足主体的需求是理解环境利益的核心。我们生活于其中的环境之所以被称作“环境”是因为它具有一定的状态，我们将环境的状态称作环境品质。环境品质是客观存在的，不是以人们的感觉而存在，但是人们可以通过定性和定量的方法对环境品质进行描述、评价。环境品质是环境客观存在的本质属性，它可以满足人们不同层次的需求。人们从环境品质对人们需要的契合中获得的就是环境利益。对于一般利益来说，人的利益能否实现，取决于现实条件是否与人们的需要相符合。而环境利益则恰恰不是来自于人们的需求。是特定品质的环境造就了人，只有达到某种质量标准的环境才能实现人们的环境利益，也就是说只有特定的环境品质才能满足人们的环境利益。而环境问题则恰恰是环境品质遭到破坏而产生的问题，环境品质是环境损害的损害客体。环境法的保护对象不是环境本身，而是环境利益。人与自然矛盾的根源在于有限的自然资源无法满足人类无限的欲望。人们可以通过“限制”的方法使有限资源满足无限欲望。从法律的角度看，约束和限制人的行为有两种方法：一种是赋予人们法律权利，另一种是对人们科以法律义务。之前人们在讨论环境利益时，常常采用设定环境权的方式去实现环境利益。而环境权实际上存在着多种缺陷并不能达到保护环境利益的目的。面对环境问题，当权利不再那么有效时，我们应当转而寻求其他解决办法。当权利路径行不通时，就要求所有主体都要承担保护环境的普遍义务，实现环境利益。具体到实现环境利益的方式，在国际法上需要通过分配“共同但有区别的责任”。在国内法上，则需要在实体法上明确环境利益的地位以及构建总量控制制度、主体功能区制度、自然保护区制度、生态补偿制度、环境诉讼制度等环境利益保护法律制度。更多还原

【Abstract】 The time we live in is called "Environmental Time", and we are facing a series ofunprecedented environmental problems in this time. Common and widespreadenvironmental problems spawned a new type of interests-environmental interests.Law is a means to achieve the interests, so environmental protection law should be themeans to achieve environmental interests. However, what are environmental interests,regardless of academic writings or legal documents have not given explanation that isgenerally accepted by academia or the legal profession.As the new interests of environmental time, environmental interests are differentwith personal interests, property interests, order interests which are protected by civillaw or criminal law. Even to the essence of general interests we are familiar with,there are different understandings in philosophy, economics, ethics or sociology, andin law we have benefit, need, the relationship between subject and object, resourcesand other theory. This paper argues that the interests are combined of the usefulness ofthe object and the profitability of the subject. Interests exist because people haveneeds, interests from the people’s needs.The subject of environmental interests is also different from the previous interests.The subjects of previous interests are citizens, legal persons, groups and countries,and the subject of environmental interests is human being. The subject benefittingfrom environmental interests is not individuals, or groups of people but the humanbeing setting the time and space in one of a collection of concept.So do the environmental interests also come from people’s needs like the generalinterests? Environmental interests are not created by human being, not decided byhuman’s needs. They are provided and decided by nature. Only the environmentwhich meets the human’s needs could bring environmental interests. The reason thatenvironment we live in is called "the environment" is that it has a certain status, andwe call it environmental quality. Environmental quality is an objective existence, notin people’s sense of presence, but people can describe and evaluate the environmentalquality by both qualitative and quantitative methods. Environmental quality is anobjective essential attribute of the environment; it can meet the needs of people atdifferent levels. Environmental interests are available to meet people by fitting in thepeople’s need by the environmental quality. For the general interests, the interests ofthe people can be achieved or not, depending on whether the actual conditionsconsistent with the needs of the people. The environmental interests are not from thepeople’s needs. Specific environmental quality created human being; people getenvironmental interests only when environmental quality can meet the people’s needs.That means only specific environmental quality can meet environmental interests ofpeople. Precisely the destruction of environmental quality leads to the environmental problems; environmental quality is object of environmental destruction.In previous studies of environmental interests, the environmental interests tend tobe confused with environment-related interests, it is this confusion, hindering thepeople correctly understand the environmental interests. In fact, theenvironment-related interests are only personal interests, property interests and othertraditional interests with environmental factors. In the study of the environmentalinterests, we must always guard against misleading of the environment-relatedinterests.The protection object of environmental protection law is not the environment itself，but the human environmental interests．When people discuss environmental interests,they used to set the environment right way to achieve environmental interests. Andthere are actually a variety of environmental rights defective and can not achieve thepurpose of protecting the interests of the environment. Facing environmentalproblems, when the rights are no longer valid, we should turn to other solutions. Theroot cause of conflict between man and nature is limited natural resources can notmeet unlimited human desires. People can "limit" approach allows limited resourcesto meet unlimited desires. From a legal point of view, the constraints and limitationsof human behavior, there are two ways: one is to give people legal rights, and theother one is to impose legal obligations on people. When the right path does not work,it requires that all subjects have to bear a general obligation to protect theenvironment, to achieve environmental interests.Specific the ways to achieve environmental interests should be through distributionof "common but differentiated responsibilities." in terms of international law. On thedomestic law, you need a clear position on the substantive law of environmentalinterests and build total control system, environmental interest system main functionalareas, nature reserves system, the ecological compensation system, environmentallitigation and other legal protection regime.更多还原