【作者】 秦楠；

【导师】 田其云；

【作者基本信息】 中国海洋大学 ， 环境与资源保护法学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 随着我国矿业的迅速发展，加上人类不合理的开发利用矿产资源，使得很多矿山面临环境危机，导致生态失衡，给当地居民和社会发展带来了巨大的灾害，如何减少和遏制矿产资源开采对环境的破坏，使矿业经济与社会协同发展，已经成为我们亟需解决的问题。循环经济的理念提出后,随着在国内外逐渐得到实践,产生了良好的生态效应和环境效益。循环经济的“减量化、再利用、再循环”的经济发展原则在我国得到了高度认同,已成为我国可持续发展的重要手段。矿业开发造成的生态环境破坏的特殊性决定了其发展循环经济的客观要求和现实需要，将矿业开发和循环经济相结合，建立循环型矿业是遏制矿业环境问题的有效出路。法制是循环型矿业发展的重要保障,以有效的法制手段来保障经济发展与资源环境的协调,促进循环型矿业发展显得尤为重要。本文以循环型矿业法律制度为研究对象，围绕着制度的起源、发展以及构成，层层递进展开分析，得出循环型矿业法律制度的建立并不是简单的将循环经济法律制度与矿业法律制度、环境保护法律制度融合在一起，而是应注意到矿业开发和矿业环境保护的特殊性，将相关法律制度进行完善后，在生态规律的指导下，按照有利于矿业开发和矿业环境保护的逻辑重新设计。当然，循环型矿业法律制的建立，并不是对以往环境法、行政法、矿业法律规制手段的抛弃，而是在对传统手段完善的基础上，与其整合，发挥各自的优势，对矿业生产全部环节做到有效的环境监督。本文正文分为4个章节。第一章：循环经济的起源是多方面的，它是各种社会问题的一个综合解决思路，是环境保护、经济增长、社会发展三者结合的一体化。由于矿产资源是由人而不是由自然来定义的，就像环境法、经济法、社会学对人的认识不一样，不同的学科由于知识背景的不同在对矿产资源的定义上往往也带有自己学科的特征，所以不同的学科对于循环经济的侧重点不同。在环境法上，发展循环经济的目的是希望通过在矿业生产中引入循环经济的手段，使矿产资源得到多层次的循环利用，不但可以达到保护和节约利用矿产资源的目的，更是可以解决目前中国严重的矿业污染破坏问题，为当前整个中国的环境危机消除一块难啃的“骨头”，所以本文在第一部分的开头首先介绍了矿业环境问题的类型和严重性，以此说明矿业环境问题必须得到控制，而法律是解决矿业环境问题的最好手段。接下来我们通过梳理新中国建国以来我国矿业法律的发展，摸清了我国目前矿业法律的主干法律和其配套的法律制度，得出的结论是，我国矿业法律虽然从无到有，取得了长足的进步，但是仍旧没有解决矿业环境问题。其根本的原因就是我国的矿业法律制度是建立在线性经济基础上的大工业观法律，法律的目的是为经济的发展服务，保护环境仅仅是为了更好的发展经济，绿色矿业是这种大工业观法律的最新成果，虽然能在一定程度上缓解矿业环境问题，但是却治标不治本。而循环经济是对传统经济发展模式的变革，循环经济承认环境是有极限的，这就限定了经济也是有极限的，所以环境保护不应当是经济发展的附庸，而是应当在生态环境的可承受范围之内，做到经济和环境协同发展，所以发展矿业循环经济是解决矿业问题的有效手段，我们在第一部分的最后，提出了发展循环型矿业的思路，对循环型矿业的内涵和理论进行了展示，并与传统矿业的发展模式进行了对比，为下文建立循环型矿业法律制度打下理论基础。第二章：在上一章我们提出了循环型矿业的概念后，为了承接上文，我们在这一章就要将循环型矿业制度化，因此本章开头首先介绍了循环型矿业法律制度的内涵和特征，以及建立循环型矿业法律制度的必要性和紧迫性。法律是客观实际的反映，循环型矿业法律制度也要遵循这一原则，为了让循环型矿业法律制度符合矿业发展的需求，具有法律实效，我们在展开具体的法律建构前，一定要了解矿业发展的实际需求，以及目前我国矿业法律对这些要求的支撑力是否足够，如果不足，必须要在哪些方面完善，以此建立起符合实际需要的循环型矿业法律制度，这是本章要达到的目的。通过我们的考察发现，现行法律制度无法支撑起循环型矿业法律制度的运行，并对现行矿业法律制度的缺陷进行了分析归纳，为下文的完善埋下伏笔。第三章：本章是研究国外比较有代表性的发达国家如美国、德国、日本等国矿业法律制度的先进经验，再对我国的矿业制度进行对比，找出我国矿业法律制度存在的问题，为我国发挥后发优势，制定循环型矿业法律制度提供宝贵经验。通过对于外国矿业法律制度的研究发现，因为国情和矿产资源赋存状况的不同，导致国外对于循环经济的理解不同。日本和德国都是发展循环经济的典型国家，但是这两个国家因为矿产资源的匮乏，所以这两个国家没有完全对应于我国的循环型矿业法律制度，这些国家的法律大部分是针对矿业废物的处理。矿业丰富的国家，如美国等，虽然矿产丰富，但是这些国家只把循环经济当作环境保护的手段而已，没有上升为国家环境政策的层面，比较性都不直接，所以国外矿业发达国家没有我国意义上的以循环经济作为发展模式的矿业法律制度，所以在这一章进行与外国法律对比的时候，对比的仅仅是对于促进我国循环型矿业有借鉴意义的外国矿业法律制度，而不是直接拿外国的循环型矿业法律制度与我国的矿业法律制度进行对比。第四章：在本章中，我们详细论证了循环型矿业法律制度的实质、特点、立法原则、调整范围和基本的立法框架，并根据循环型矿业的强烈需求和国外矿业发达国家的经验，提出了建立我国循环型《矿业法》的设计思路，并详细论证了循环型《矿业法》存在的必要性，以及循环型《矿业法》在我国法律体系中的定位，以及该法与其他法律的衔接和配合。在文章的最后，我们建立了循环型矿业法律制度的特殊制度。当然，这并不是说其他制度不需要或者不重要，作为循环经济的一种，循环经济的普通制度在矿业循环经济中也是通用的，但是限于篇幅，再加之矿业的发展变化，1制度的设计也不是一成不变的，需要随时调整，所以我们在论文中对于普通的循环经济制度就不再赘述，而是“精确打击”式的提出循环型矿业最直接、最敏感的特殊制度。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the rapid development of mining industry in our country, combined withhuman unreasonable development and utilization of mineral resources, makes a lot ofmining face crisis, environmental pollution lead to ecological imbalance, broughtgreat damage to the local residents, how to reduce and contain mineral resourcesexploitation to the destruction of the environment, the mining area ecologicalenvironment restoration, have already become a problem we need to solve. Follow theidea of bad economy is raised, gradually get practice at home and abroad, has a goodecological effect and environmental benefits. Circular economy of "reduction, reuse,recycling" economy development principle is highly recognition in our country, hasbecome an important means for the sustainable development of our country. Miningdevelopment ecological environmental damage caused by the particularity of theobjective requirement of the development of circular economy and the reality needs,combining mining development and recycling economy, constructing circular miningis effective way to curb mining environmental problems. Legal system is theimportant guarantee of circular mining development, in order to effective legal meansto protect the coordination of economic development and resources and environment,it is particularly important to promote the development of circular mining. Mining lawsystem as the research object, this article takes circular around the origin,development and structure of system, hierarchical analysis, it is concluded that theestablishment of the legal system of circular mining is not simply to the legal systemof circular economy and legal system of mining, the legal system of environmentalprotection of the simple fusion, but should pay attention to the development of miningand mining the particularity of environmental protection, the related legal system isoptimized, under the guidance of ecological law, according to mining developmentand environmental protection of mining logic design again. Circulation mining lawsystem is to establish incentive constraint mechanism within the mining economy,using the characteristics of circular economy to achieve the goal of environmentalprotection. Circular mining, of course, the establishment of the legal system is notabandoned on previous environmental law protection, but combined with traditionalmeans of environmental protection, play their respective advantages, for miningproduction all link do effective environmental protection supervision. The research onChinese environmental law involving a lot of perspectives, and the scope is verybroad. However, there is such a paradox in practice: while a growing number ofenvironmental theory, environmental systems and environmental law, theenvironmental issues and environmental crisis continue to occur and even enhanced.It tempt us to reflect on the causes of this paradox? Some scholars presented their ownproposals from different perspectives, but the paradox has not been eliminated.However, the proposals offer us a reflective lever——path research, and a reflectivedirection——integration for the entire Chinese environmental law research. In this paper, the text is divided into four chapters.The first chapter: the origin of the circular economy is various, it is acomprehensive solution of various social problems, is the environmental protection,economic growth, integration of the combination of social development. Because themineral resources is defined by the people and not by nature as environmental law,economic law, sociological understanding of people is different, different disciplinesdue to the different knowledge background on the definition of mineral resources isoften with their own discipline characteristic, so different disciplines for the differentemphasis of circular economy. On the environmental law, the development of circulareconomy is the purpose of the hope that through the introduction of circular economyin mining production means, make multi-level circulation use of the mineral resources,not only can achieve the purpose of protection and use of mineral resources saving,but also can solve the problem of serious mining pollution damage at present in China,for the whole of China’s current environmental crisis to eliminate a tough "bones", sothis paper in the first part of the beginning of the first to introduce the types and theseriousness of the problem of mining environment, suggesting that the miningenvironment must be controlled, and the law is the best means to solve the problem ofmining environment. Next we through combing the development of the mining law inChina since the founding of new China, found out the mining law in our country atpresent the backbone of the law and the law system of form a complete set of, came tothe conclusion that our country mining law, although from scratch, has made greatprogress, but still not solve the problem of mining environment. The fundamentalreason is that our country’s legal system of mining is based on the linear economybased on the view of industrial law, legal service for economic development, is thepurpose of protecting the environment just in order to better the development of theeconomy. Green mining is the latest achievements in the view of industrial law, whilein the mining environment problems to some extent, but take temporary solution noteffect a permanent cure. And circular economy is the change of traditional mode ofeconomic development, circular economy acknowledged that the environment islimited, as the economy has limits, so environmental protection should not besubservient to the economic development, but should be in the range of ecologicalenvironment can bear, achieve the coordinated development of economy andenvironment, so the development of the mining recycling economy is the effectivemeans to solve the problem of mining, so at the end of the first part, we put forwardthe development of circular mining, demonstrate the theory and the connotation of thecircular mining, and compares the traditional mining development pattern, in order toestablish the legal system of circular mining below to lay a theoretical basis.The second chapter: we are in the last chapter puts forward the concept ofcircular mining, in order to carry on the above, in this chapter we will circular mininginstitutionalized, so the beginning of this chapter firstly introduces the connotation ofthe legal system of circular mining and characteristics, as well as the necessity andurgency of constructing circular mining law system. Law is a reflection of reality, thelegal system of circular mining also should follow this principle, in order to makecirculation mining law system meet the demand of the development of mining industry, have legal effectiveness, before specific legal construction, we mustunderstand the real needs of the development of mining industry, and at present ourcountry mining law support enough to the requirement, if not, must be in what way isperfect, to establish conforms to the actual need of the legal system of circular mining,it is to achieve the purpose of this chapter. Through our investigation found that theexisting legal system of the legal system of circular mining support is not enough, andare analyzed and summarized, the cause of the lack of support for the improvement ofthe below the stage.The third chapter: this chapter is to study abroad is representative of thedeveloped countries such as America, Germany, Japan and other countries theadvanced experience of mining law system, and for China’s mining system iscompared, find out the problems existing in the legal system of our country miningindustry, for our country the backwardness advantage, provide valuable experience forcirculation mining law system. Through the legal system of foreign mining researchfound that because the occurrence condition of the different national conditions andmineral resources, lead to different understanding of the circular economy abroad. Ofcircular economy development in Japan and Germany are the typical countries, butthe two countries because of the lack of mineral resources, mining, so the twocountries have no circular law is mostly aimed at mining waste processing. Miningthe rich countries, such as the United States, Canada, Australia, etc., although themineral-rich, but these countries is the circular economy as a means of environmentalprotection, and didn’t rise to the level of national environmental policy, comparativedirectly. So foreign mining developed countries there is no sense in our country withlegal system of circular economy as a development model of mining, all in thischapter when compared with the foreign law, the contrast is just to promote ourcountry circulation mining has reference significance to foreign mining law system,rather than directly with foreign legal system of circular mining and mining lawsystem in our country through the contrast.The fourth chapter: in this chapter, we detailed demonstrates the essence andcharacteristics of legal system of circular mining legislation, legislation principle,adjusting range and the basic framework, and according to the strong demand ofcircular mining and mining the experience of developed countries abroad, proposedour country establishes the circular design idea of the mining act, and demonstratesthe circular in detail the necessity of the mining act and the circular law system in ourcountry the mining act of positioning, as well as the law and other laws of cohesionand cooperation. At the end of the article, we established the legal system of circularmining special system., of course, this is not to say that other systems do not need ornot important, as a kind of circular economy, circular economy of general system inthe mining recycling economy is universal, but limited to the length and level of theauthor is limited, and the result of the development of mining, the design of thesystem is not set in stone, need to adjust, so we in the thesis to the ordinary circulareconomy system is no longer here, but the "precision" of circular mining the mostdirect, most sensitive to the special system.更多还原