10-12世纪中国北方民族的佛教思想与文化认同

【作者】 袁志伟；

【导师】 方光华；

【作者基本信息】 西北大学 ， 中国史， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 10-12世纪中国北方的契丹、党项、回鹘等民族相继建立了辽朝、西夏、高昌回鹘等与北宋并立的少数民族政权,作为中原汉文化重要组成部分的大乘佛教文化是这些少数民族精神文化的主体,各民族对中原佛教思想文化的引进与吸收,一方面是对当时“吸收汉文化以促进本民族发展与社会进步”这一时代课题的解答,另一方面则是当时北方各民族对主体汉文化融合认同的主要表现。10-12世纪是北方各民族文化认同的形成与发展的重要阶段,各民族的文化认同与其所面临的时代课题有着密切的关系,即吸收汉文化以促进本民族和社会发展的现实需要推动了多元一体的中国思想文化的形成。中原佛教文化在推动各民族发展进步方面发挥了以下重要作用：一是在现实政治方面,佛教思想通过神化君主而为统治者的合法性提供了论证,并通过提倡忠君护国思想以巩固政权、提倡圆融和平等思想以缓解社会和民族矛盾,从而为北方各民族政权的政治和社会稳定发挥了积极作用；在精神观念方面,佛教思想作为各民族建设自身思想文化体系的主要资源,塑造了各民族的哲学思想,提升了各民族的理论思维水平,并为各族民众提供了精神归宿和人生目标,发挥了精神支柱与道德准则的积极作用。多元一体的中国思想文化是民族文化认同的主要表现之一,佛教思想文化则在多元一体中华文化的形成发展中发挥了不可替代的作用。佛教思想文化作为辽、西夏、高昌回鹘思想文化的主要代表,促进了中国各少数民族文化的多元化发展,契丹、党项、回鹘等民族在吸收中原佛教思想文化的基础上,建构了具有民族个性的多元思想文化体系。其中,辽朝建立了以华严学为核心、以“显密圆融”即华严和密宗结合为特点的统一佛教思想体系,并在“重教轻禅”、“融禅入教”等方面表现出自身的独特性；西夏则在华严与禅宗思想结合、中原大乘佛教与藏传佛教思想结合的基础上,建构了汉藏融合的佛教思想体系,并表现出不同于宋、辽佛教界的文化个性；高昌回鹘政权在继承唐代佛教和藏传佛教文化、建立综合性佛教思想的同时,也在心性思想及净土信仰等方面体现出自己的特色。可以说,这些佛教思想体系是契丹、党项、回鹘等民族思想文化创新的代表与主要成果,并与儒家文化、各民族原有文化等一起构成了北方各民族的多元思想文化。同时,10-12世纪中国北方各民族的佛教思想文化也表现出鲜明的共性和一体性,这表现为各民族佛教思想的发展大势是由多元分立走向一体,10--12世纪的中国佛教思想界是彼此联系的有机整体,北方各民族的佛教文化是中国唐宋佛教文化的重要组成部分。可以说,作为汉文化重要组成部分的中原佛教文化在契丹、党项、回鹘等民族中的广泛传播与深入发展,推动了多元一体的中国思想文化的丰富与发展,并促进了各民族与汉族之间的文化认同。更多还原

【Abstract】 10-12century in northern China’s Khitan, Tangut, Uighur and other ethnic groups established the Liao, Western Xia, Gaochang Uighur Kingdom, and these ethnic minority regimes side by side with the Northern Song Dynasty. Chinese Mahayana Buddhist culture which as an important part of the Chinese culture is the main body of these ethnic minorities’ spiritual culture. The Introduction and absorption Chinese Buddhist ideology and culture is the answers to these ethnic groups’contemporary issues which is to absorb Chinese culture to promote ethnic development and social progress. The introduction and absorption of Chinese Culture is the main manifestations of ethnic cultural identity in northern China.10-12century is an important stage in formation and development of the China ethnic culture identity. The Contemporary issues which Khitan, Tangut, Uighur faces are closely related with ethnic cultural identity. The reality needs which the ethnic and social development from absoption Chinese culture is to promote the diversity and unity of Chinese ideology and culture. Chinese Buddhist culture plays an important role in promoting the Khitan, Tangut, Uighur and other ethnics development and progress. Buddhist culture played a positive role in the political and social stability of minority regimes, enhancing the theoretical level of ethnic minorities, providing the spiritual pillar and ethical guidelines.Pluralistic integration of Chinese ideology and culture is one of the main manifestations of Chinese ethnic cultural identity, and Buddhist ideology and culture have played an irreplaceable role in the formation and development of Chinese culture. Buddhist ideology and culture is the main representative of the Liao, Western Xia, Gaochang Uighur Kingdom ideology and culture, and promoting the diversification of ethnic minorities culture in northern China. Khitan, Tangut, Uighur constructed the ideological and cultural system with national personality in the absorption of Chinese Buddhist ideology and culture. Buddhist ideology and culture is the innovation representatives and major achievements of Khitan, Tangut, Uighur ideology and culture, and constitutes a multiculturalism with the Confucian culture and original ethnic culture.Buddhist ideology and culture of various ethnic groups in northern China showed Obvious similarities and unity in10-12centuries. Such as the evelopment trend of all ethnic groups’ Buddhist thought is from discrete to integrated, Chinese Buddhist community as a whole to contact each other, China northern ethnics’Buddhist culture is an important part of Buddhist culture in the Tang and Song dynasty. In short Chinese Buddhist culture promotes cultural identity among ethnic minorities and Han nationality, and enrichment and development of Chinese ideology and culture.更多还原