马克思主义实践的生态正义研究

【作者】 唐鹏；

【导师】 陈国庆；

【作者基本信息】 西北大学 ， 马克思主义中国化研究， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 生态正义的概念是生态学和伦理学在关注现实生态问题过程中所出现的。马克思主义实践的生态正义研究,以马克思主义哲学作为研究视角,以生态正义相关理论的历史流变、马克思主义自然观和当代中国生态文明建设理论作为研究对象,以文献研究、多学科交叉研究、比较研究和辩证研究作为研究方法,得出了“生态正义具有主体能动性、对象客观性和社会历史性三个规定性”、“自然权利的实质是人的权利”和“生态正义与当代中国生态文明建设在理论和实践上是共通的”等主要结论。生态正义是一个比较新的概念,但在中国儒家、道家和佛家的自然观中,早就有着“天人合一”、“道法自然”和“众生平等”的种种思考；古希腊哲人的自然观、中世纪宗教神学自然观、西方近代自然观和现代生态伦理思想中,也都蕴含了思想家们大量的对人与自然关系的思考。这些思考在其所处的那个时代产生了巨大的影响,但同时,它们又深受那个时代历史的局限。马克思主义的正义观是以“现实的人”及人的全面发展为出发点和落脚点的正义观。而在实践唯物主义的体系下,马克思主义的自然观在本体论上明确了人的对象性和自然的属人性,在价值论上强调了自然的对象性价值,在历史观上突出了历史的人和历史的自然。因此,马克思主义正义观和自然观指导下的生态正义,即马克思主义实践的生态正义,它是以“现实的人”为出发点,强调人与自然的对象性关系,肯定自然的权利(实质是人的权利),注重“人的自然”和“自然的人”之间的统一,从而构建起的一套人呵护自然的逻辑。马克思主义实践的生态正义具备主体能动性、对象客观性和社会历史性的三个方面的规定。它所规定的主体——“现实的人”,区别于非人类中心主义的“自然人”和人类中心主义的“理性人”；它所规定的客体——对象性的自然,在价值论上区别于非人类中心主义的“内在价值论”和人类中心主义的“工具价值论”；它所规定的自然和历史,不同于非人类中心主义那种抽象的、静止的、非历史主义的自然。这三个方面的规定性完成了生态正义所主张的人呵护自然的逻辑的应然性和必然性,并强调自然的解放与人的解放相统一。由人的对象性活动对自然价值所完成的主体性赋予和客观性预设,决定了自然具备了被纳入到伦理关系或道德共同体的资质,进而自然的权利就是可能的。自然是“人的自然”,那么自然的权利在本质上也就是人的权利。受到自然规律的限制,自然权利的实践必须坚持“有所作为”与“有所不为”的统一。中国的社会主义生态文明建设是生态正义的中国实践,这主要在于生态正义和生态文明是共通的,生态正义的实践与社会主义的制度是契合的。中国的社会主义生态文明建设坚持全面协调可持续的总体思路和方法,强调用制度保护生态环境,这都突出表现了生态正义和中国社会主义生态文明建设之间的迎合与互动关系。加快推进中国社会主义生态文明建设,有必要在马克思主义的指导下,强化人呵护自然的自觉性,本论文关于生态正义的论述能够为人们保护自然环境的伦理自觉提供一些思考。更多还原

【Abstract】 The concept of ecological justice stems from the process that ecology and ethics are concerned about the reality of ecological and environmental problems. The study of Marxism practical ecological justice, takes Marxist classics as the research angel, takes "the historical development of related theories of ecological justice","Marxism natural view" and "the theory of Chinese ecological civilization construction" as the research objects, takes "literature research","inter disciplinary research","comparative research" and "dialectical research" as the research methods, and draws some main conclusions, such as "the practical ecological Justice have three provisions:subjective initiative, objectivity and social historicity","natural is’man’s nature’, thus in essence, natural rights is human rights","in theory as well as in practice, ecological justice and Chinese ecological civilization construction are consistent".Although ecological justice is a new concept, analogous reflations such as "harmony between human being and nature","the Tao emulates nature" and "Existence being equal" have already existed in the view of nature by Chinese Confucian, Taoism and Buddhism; what’s more, a large number of thoughts on the relationship between man and nature contains in the view of nature by Ancient Greek philosopher, medieval theology, Western modern and contemporary ecological ethics thought. Those thinkings have great impact on their eras, and are limited by the eras at the same time.Marxist concept of justice is base on "the real man" and the comprehensive development of the man. However, under the same system of practical materialism, Marxist view of nature ontologically clarified man’s objectivity and "nature is human nature", the Value Theory emphasizes the objective value of nature, while the view of history highlights historical man and historical nature. Thus, the ecological justice, under the guidance of Marxist concept of justice and view of nature, is the Practical Ecological Justice, it starts with the concept of "the real man", emphasizes the object relationship between man and nature, confirms the nature’s rights (it is essentially human’s rights), focuses on unification between "man’s nature" and "natural man", and thus build up a logic that man should take care of natural.The Marxism practical ecological Justice have three provisions:subjective initiative, objectivity and social historicity. The prescribed subject-"Real man", is different from the non-anfhropocentric "natural person" and anthropocentrism "rational person"; the prescribed object-"an object of nature", in the value theory, is different from the non-anthropocentric "intrinsic value" and anthropocentric "tool value theory"; the prescribed nature and history, is different from non-anthropocentric kind of abstract, static, natural non-historic ism nature. These three provisions complete the logic necessity that the ecological justice advocated that people ought to care nature, and emphasize the natural unity of liberation and human emancipation.The subjectivity given and objectivity default on the natural values completed by men’s objectivity activity determine that nature has the qualifications to be incorporated into the ethical or moral community relations, and then the nature right is possible. Natural is "man’s nature", thus in essence, natural rights is human rights. Limited by natural law, natural rights practices must adhere to the unity between "do something" and "leave something undone".The construction of socialist ecological civilization in China is the Chinese practice of ecological justice, this is mainly because Eco-justice and ecological civilization are interlinked, the practice of ecological justice and the socialist system are compatible. China’s socialist ecological civilization construction sticks to a comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable general ideas and methods, emphasis on protecting ecological environment via system. All these show the interaction between Eco-justice and China’s socialist ecological civilization construction. It is necessary, to accelerate the construction of China’s socialist ecological civilization and strengthen the consciousness of people care for nature under the guidance of Marxism. Though the discussion about ecological justice, this paper can provide some thoughts for ethical consciousness of people’s natural environment protection.更多还原