汉代扶风班氏家族文化与文学研究

【作者】 邓桂姣；

【导师】 王永平；

【作者基本信息】 扬州大学 ， 中国古代文学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 扶风班氏家族是汉代文名鼎盛、人才辈出、文溉千秋且武功卓著的家族。自楚国灭亡以来至于东汉末年,班氏家族先后经历了多种历程。数百年间,班氏家族产生了许多著名的儒学、史学、文学及武功人物,其中尤以班婕妤、班彪、班固、班昭、班超、班勇等闻名古今。因此班氏家族人物向来都是学界多个领域的重要研究对象,但是把他们作为一种家族现象来研究的则比较少,至于以文学家族和家族文学的角度来审视者则更少。鉴于此,本文从家族的角度,勾勒班氏文学与家族、社会背景之种种关系。本文的整体思路是：在考订班氏代表人物生平、辑考班氏亡佚作品、制作班氏家族合谱、为班氏部分作品系年等工作的基础上,通过研究班氏文学家族的形成演变过程和班氏家风家学的情况、班氏代表人物文学的突出风貌及其思想倾向,结合一定的社会背景,从外部因素与文学之关系的角度,探讨家族、家风、学术、文学间的互动关系,探讨社会背景与家族、家风、学术、文学间的关系。本文研究的重心是班氏家族的文学和文学与诸外在因素间的关系(外在因素主要指家族、家风、学术、社会背景等)。班氏文学(文化)研究部分,则以班氏代表人物文学的突出风貌、文学中的思想倾向及班氏家风为主；而对班氏代表人物文学的突出风貌的研究,亦主要在大文章的概念下,从外部因素与文学之关系的角度切入。在具体研究中本文探索了一系列问题,但是这些问题基本上都围绕在上述的两组问题之中,为研究目的服务。本文结构由绪论和五章组成。绪论主要介绍本文的选题来源、本课题的研究现状、本文的研究思路、本文的研究对象与范围等内容。第一章论汉代班氏作为文学家族的形成演变与家风家学。首先动态地再现班氏作为文学家族的一系列演变过程及各阶段的特征：亡国徙民、北方豪族、官宦世家、文化世家、武功世家、退出历史前台等。其次,尽可能准确、全面地概括班氏家族的家风：事功之志与文德之愿并存、英豪之气与礼法之谨共存、忠诚耿直与明哲自保兼具、经史文艺与文武政务兼修。其三,宏观综论班氏家学之经、史、文、小学的成就,揭示班氏为学不守师法家法、具有通达广博的特点,并试图探索其成因与学术意义。同时还着力探讨了班氏何以自西汉后期以来阖门好史、阖门擅长于史,班氏文学何以兴盛,以及班氏汉初既已富裕何以数代无文等问题。第二章论述班氏之谱系,对汉代班氏家族代表人物的生平予以考订、对班氏亡佚作品予以考辑。首先对学界研究较为薄弱的班伯、班斿、班穉、班婕妤等人的生卒年予以考订：在兄妹四人中班伯排行第一,生于元帝初元二年(前47)、卒于成帝元延三年(前10),享年38(实际37周岁),曾于元延元年(前12)任侍中水衡都尉；班婕妤次之,生于元帝初元三年(前46),至少活到王莽新朝的中期(天凤年间),享年62岁以上；班斿又次之,与王莽同岁而月份稍大些,生于元帝初元四年(前45)、卒于哀帝(前6—前1)执政的前期,享年40岁出头(不超过虚岁45岁)；班穉最小,生年与班斿相近而稍小一两岁左右(约前44、前43年),活到王莽新朝的中后期(约天凤、地皇年间),享年60余岁。其次,纠正了《汉书补注》班斿举贤良方正于建始三年(前30)说的错误,并推定出最有可能的时间是河平四年(前25)。其三,考班斿受赐的皇室秘书副本的时间,应在成帝阳朔三年(前22)秋八月大将军王凤死后、至鸿嘉三年(前18)祝诅事件之前；且最有可能的是在阳朔四年(前21)秋九月东平思王死后、至鸿嘉元年(前20)成帝迷恋微行、酒色等荒淫行为之前。其四,辑考班氏亡佚作品。其五,汉代班氏家族谱系简表、制作汉代班氏家族生平合谱及作品系年表、班氏作品存佚情况汇总表等,因结构关系,缀于文末附录中。第三章论汉代班氏家族代表人物文学较突出的风貌特征。本章对重要问题予以专题挖掘,并将班氏人物与其家族内外相关作家作品予以横向比较。首先论述班氏两位女作家文学的突出风貌(班婕好文学中凸显出妇人特有的依附性,班昭文学展现出女子笔下的须眉气),然后具体对比她们作品风貌的异同。其次,讨论班彪文学彰显的智者之谋士气。其三,辨正班固文学留给世人的“媚世”形象,分析促成“媚世”形象形成的诸种因素。最后深入分析班固文学特征及其成因。第四章着重班氏家族作品的整体研究,从家族的共性与个性的角度,论述班氏家族文学中的思想倾向。班氏家族的文学主要存在儒道两家思想、且以儒家思想为显性思想,一般都以儒学修身,把儒学做为为人处世乃至创作的准则。班氏大部分人都兼具儒道思想,尤其普遍地具有儒道融合而形成的谦恭退让、明哲自保的思想。但具体情形却又因人而异,即使信守同一思想,各自于作品中的侧重点、表露方式等也不尽相同,譬如奉儒者在是否以儒育后、是否刻意使用儒学思想、是否兼具儒家所倡导的美刺之义等问题上,和好道者在是否以道学为自己的主要思想、是否形成了荡然肆志的性格、是否借用道家养生论等方面,都是自有个性的。第五章为结论性论述,以班氏家族为中心,着重从文学外部因素与文学之影响的角度,综合论述家族与家风、家学(文学、学术)间的互动关系,社会背景与家族、家风、家学(文学、学术)间的关系。通过考察班氏家族在两汉漫长历史中的兴衰与家风、家学的发展、演变,我们发现这些因素都是考察班氏家族文学的重要的切入点,它们内部之间及与班氏家族文学都存在着密不可分的关系。因为家族培育了文学、学术、文化,而文学、学术、文化也助益了家族及其个人的发展,家族兴衰既很大程度上系之于家风、家学的优劣,同时又深刻地影响着家风、家学的性质、内容、面貌；而班氏家风的内容、性质、面貌往往能决定其家族学术、文学的兴衰与风貌,反之亦然,班氏的学术、文化的兴衰与风格也是扭转班氏家风、促成班氏家道兴衰的至关重要的因素；学术与文学本是两种相近却异质的东西,但是班氏以其独特的家风与独特的学术特征,使得班氏的文学与学术同生同衰、互促互进,从而大异于汉代经学一定程度上阻碍了文学发展的一般共性。社会背景,既像总指挥棒一样,从宏观上为家族的走向、个人的追求、文化的发展规定了最主要的方向,又如雨润万物一般,不同程度地、或明或暗地渗透到每一个家族与个人的思想、文化、风格的各个细节之中。因此从这个层面看,社会与时代对个人、家族及家风、家学而言,常常发挥着一定程度的决定性作用。但是由于家风、文学、学术发展的特殊性与复杂性,社会与时代对它们所起的作用也是有限度的,即使接受了它的影响,也还存在不完全同步的情况。可见如果不从社会背景、家族、家道、家风、家学等外部因素入手的话,则难以把握班氏文学在大文章概念下的历史真貌。更多还原

【Abstract】 In Han dynasty, the Ban’s family in Fufeng County was famous with its numerous extraordinary family members who were either good at literature writing or have outstanding martial art reputations. Ban’s family has undergone the nation migration, the rise and fall of the family and the subinfeudation of Cuan, and so on, from the downfall of Chu dynasty to the end of Eastern Han dynasty. Ban’s family has produced many prominent literary, historical, academic and martial arts figures, in hundreds of years, in which Particularly known as Ban Jieyu, Ban Biao, Ban Gu, Ban Zhao, Ban Yong. Therefore, the Ban’s family members have always been studied as a hot issue in academic fields. But seldom studied as a family phenomenon, and hardly in terms of literary family and family literature, which are began in Han dynasty and heated up until the Wei, Jin and southern and Northern dynasties. The ban’s family and its literature was a typical phenomenon in Han dynasty, therefore it’s available to study Ban’s family from this dimension. In view of this, this article from the perspective of literary family and family literature, creating class’s evolution as a literary family and its literary features of the family, and in the analysis of the various factors.There is a whole train of thought. First let’s textual research Ban’s family representative life, collect lost works of Ban’s family, make family joint spectrum of Ban’s family,and textual research works for years. Second, let’s study the formation and evolution of Ban’s literary family, the family’s start-up and the family situation of Ban’s family,and the prominent features of literature of the outstanding features of Ban’s family. Then let us explore the interaction between the family, family traditions, academic and literary, and explore the relationship between social background and family,family traditions,academic and literary. The focus of this studies are the literature of Ban’s family and the relationship between literature and a variety of external factors. External factors mainly refers to the family, family trait, academic and social background, etc. The focus of literature and culture studies are the prominent features of literature of the outstanding features of Ban’s family, and the ideological tendencies of literature, and the start-up of Ban’s family. In the specific studies, this article tries to explore a series of problems. But These problems basically revolve around the two groups of problems mentioned above, servicing for the purpose of the paper’s research.This paper consists of the introduction and five chapters. The introduction includes the resource and the current situation of the research, as well as the approach and meaning of it.Chapter one is about the development of Ban’s family as a literary family. It demonstrate a series of family changes, and the characteristic of it at first, which is including the nation migration, the rise and fall of the family and the subinfeudation of Cuan and so on. Secondly, it generalizes the tradition of the family as accurate and comprehensive as possible.Chapter II is focus on the speculation of the life stories of some of the Ban’s family members and the finish time of their works. At first, It elaborate on the birthday and the death day of some Ban’s family members such as:Ban Bo, Ban You, Ban Ti, Ban Jieyu, etc, who are studied in the academic field less than other famous family members. Ban Bo was eldest brother in siblings of this four persons, who was born in the second year of Chu Yuan times of emperor Yuan (BC47), and died in the third year of Yuan Yan times of emperor Cheng (BC10). In a word, Ban Bo aged38(actually37). Ban Jieyu was followed, who was born in the third year of Chu Yuan times of emperor Yuan (BC46), and died at about the middle-terms of The Wang Mang’s time (during the Phoenix). In a word, Ban Jieyu lived at least62years old. Ban You followed Ban Jieyu, who was born in the fourth year of Chu Yuan times of emperor Yuan(BC45), the same year with Wang Mang but months earlier, and died at the upfront of emperor Ai. In a word, Ban You aged more than40years but less than45years. Ban Ti was one or two years younger than Ban You, who was died in the mid and late times of Wang Mang’s times(during the Phoenix and Di Huang).In a word, Ban Ti aged about60years old. Secondly, It correct the mistake that Ban You was recommended as an able and virtuous person in the third year of Jian Shi period (BC30), by Han Shu Bu Zhu. It speculates that the most possible time is in the fourth year of HePing period (BC25). Thirdly, it speculates the copy of the Secretariat of the Royal family which was a great honor and an important academic source to Ban’s family. Especially focus on when it was given to Ban You and by which Emperor. Last but not least, it shows the family tree of Ban’s family in Han dynasty.Chapter III studied the works of Ban’s family members in Han dynasty in terms of the value of literature and arts. It is rare to see female authors in ancient times and hardly have been seen two great female authors came from the same family. Therefore, the four sections in front of this chapter are talking about female authors. At first, it discussed the two main characters of Ban Jieyu’s works:woman-specific dependency and the avoidance of sex. And then, it discussed the main characters of Ban Zhao’s works:the masculinity of a woman. At last, it contrasts the similarities and the differences between these two female writers. The remained sections of this chapter are focused on other representatives of other writers in Ban’s family. For example, the major feature of Ban Bian’s work is the conduct of a counselor; rectification of Ban Gu’s literary image of "try to please the public", and then analyses Ban Gu’s literature character and its causes deeply. Every issue of this chapter is studied comparatively, so as to highlight their individuality and commonness in the literary arts.Chapter IV is a synthesis. This chapter focuses on research on the works of Ban’s family members as a whole, from the perspective of the generality and individuality of family, dealing with the mindset in their works. It mainly exist the idea of Confucianism and Taoism, and Confucianism as the dominant ideology, are generally based on Confucian self-cultivation and creation of Confucianism as a world criteria. Most people of Ban’s family combined the ideas of Confucianism and Taoism together, and formed by the fusion of Confucianism and Taoism in General courtesy of subordination and self-preservation ideas. But specific cases are varying from person to person. Even if keeping the same thought, they had their own emphases and particular writing styles in their works. Such as whether to use Confucianism to educate their descendants or not, whether to use Taoism to form their own characters and so on.Chapter V is a synthesis too. This chapter focuses on the impact of external factors on literary from a literary perspective, and the relationships, between social background and family,family traditions,academic and literary. It is based on Ban’s family, to synthesize the relationships between family and literary&academic, family tradition and academic&literary. Examining the rise and fall history of Ban’s family in Han dynasties, it frames the family literature developments and evolutions. It is easy to find that these factors are important starting points to study the Ban’s family literature. Because the family fostering the literary, academic and cultural, the literary, academic, cultural benefit the family and their personal development at the same time. Family’s rise and fall is very much depends on the contents of the family traditions and the quality of the learning handed down in the family, and which profoundly affect the characters, contents and outlines of the family traditions and the family academic at the same time. The characters, contents and outlines of the Ban’s family traditions tend to decide the rise and decline of their family academic and literature, and vice versa. Academic and literature are two similar heterogeneous things. But the Ban’s family got a mutual development in both the literature and academic with its unique tradition and unique academic characteristics, which is different from common picture of Han dynasty that the Confucian classics, to some extent, hampered the development of literature. It’s visible that if we don’t start from the external factors such as the traditions of the family, the academic quality of the family and the writing styles of the family, it’s very difficult for us to grasp the familial backgrounds, characteristics, similarities and personalities of Ban’s family literature and culture.The main direction for the development of the family, the pursuits of personal, the development of culture and so on, are prescribed by the social background from the macro, just like a total baton. At same time, their every detail are also affected by the social background, just like the rain. So from this perspective, the social background does a certain degree of decisive role on them. But because of their particularity and complexity, the role of the social background on the family tradition, the literature, the academic, is limited. Even if they accept the influence of the social background, and there is also not completely synchronized.So, if we do not study these factors of external factors, just as the social background, the family, the family tradition, the Family academic, and so on, we can’t get the really like of the literature of Ban’s family, under this "the big article "concept.更多还原