【作者】 张桂忠；

【导师】 冯立昇；

【作者基本信息】 内蒙古师范大学 ， 科学技术史， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 阿奇博尔德希尔（1886-1977），20世纪英国著名生理学家，肌肉生理学、肌肉力学的杰出代表，运动生理学的先驱者和奠基人，1922年诺贝尔生理学和医学奖获得者。本文以希尔的生理学贡献为选题，采用内史研究的路线，以历史学的实证考察为基本方法展开研究。本研究从希尔对不同分支学科的贡献入手，主要以时间为主线，分五个部分全面、深入地梳理和总结希尔在基础生理学和应用生理学的研究经历和丰硕成果，并初步探讨希尔科学活动的特点和规律，揭示希尔的理论观点与思想方法。本论文首先对希尔的生平做了全面的介绍。希尔从一名少年的数学天才成功转变为出色的生理学专家，并因为有关肌肉产热的发现荣获诺贝尔奖。希尔长期从事肌肉和神经生理研究，成绩斐然。更能创造性地为运动生理学成为一门独立学科奠定基础。在两次世界大战期间希尔积极投身战事，广泛而深入地参与军、政活动，为人类的和平解放事业做出了不可磨灭的贡献。希尔以测热为主要手段进行肌肉的研究。本文根据希尔在肌肉研究中所要解决的问题和侧重的领域，将其对肌肉生理学的贡献分成两个部分。在肌肉测热与肌肉化学方面，系统阐述希尔测热工作的系列成果，突出希尔对有氧恢复热的发现及其重大意义。希尔以肌肉测热工作为肌肉化学研究提供指南和参考，他的“化学图景的能量学框架”是他解决肌肉化学问题的指导思想，也是他在这一领域开展研究的显著特征。在肌肉力学方面，全面展示希尔结合热力学的工作在肌肉力学领域进行的不懈探索，总结其在各个阶段的卓越成就和深远影响。希尔从最初继承并发展早期的弹性体学说开始，结合对肌肉粘性特性的研究，提出了粘-弹性学说，再进而发现特征方程，建立起新的肌肉力学三元素模型。在不同时期，希尔的工作对这一领域都做出了重要贡献，而他的新模型也最终主导了肌肉力学的后继研究。在神经生理学领域，本文分别从神经热力学和电生理学研究两个方面阐述希尔的创造性工作和积极贡献，再现其极具教益的精彩论述。希尔把测热技术应用于神经研究，发现神经传导的产热现象，并结合相关成果阐明神经活动的机制。在具备一定条件后，希尔还曾转向电生理学，说明高频电震对神经具有抑制作用，其中的无效电刺激会延长神经的不应期。希尔还对电兴奋与适应的关系做了高度概括的理论总结。在运动生理学方面，希尔的成果主要集中在最大吸氧量和氧债等概念和理论的提出与研究上，本文对此做了重点阐述，并发掘整理希尔有关人体肌肉运动及其它若干问题的开拓性工作，强调希尔对这一学科建立的奠基性作用。希尔将其在肌肉生理学的成果应用到人体运动的研究中，以达到印证的目的，这不但促进了肌肉生理学的发展，更推动了运动生理学的崛起。同时希尔对运动人体的研究范围是广泛的。本论文还对希尔在基础生理学领域的其它零散研究工作进行了梳理和总结。他的这些研究课题或来自于身边的同事，或出自意外的发现，其内容主要包括饱和公式、血红蛋白、扩散现象和水的存在状态等具体问题，其中一些成果在生理学的发展史上引起了不小的反响，例如他提出的希尔方程至今仍出现在教科书中。本文认为，希尔的生理学研究具有鲜明的个人特色，这表现在两个方面，即物理学理论与方法的运用，以及采取从基础研究到应用研究的路线。希尔是一位生物物理学家，同时他重视基础理论、知识的印证与应用，他把肌肉生理的基础研究与人体运动的应用研究联系起来，这是希尔生理学研究中一条独特的路线。运动生理学重要理论的形成，事实上起自希尔对离体肌肉的测热研究。希尔的科学活动中体现了独特的科学思想方法，对我们今后的研究工作仍然具有借鉴的价值。突出的一点就是希尔很注重研究问题的角度，这集中体现在“化学图景的框架”这一思想上。同时，希尔没有将自己囿于一个领域或一个角度、一种方法，而是表现出明显的灵活性。对研究方向的坚持与适时转变是两个推动希尔研究工作向前发展的重要因素。在具体的方法运用上，希尔则始终以数学为有力工具。本文还对希尔生理学成就的社会历史条件进行了初步分析，认为肌肉化学在早期的发展水平低，运动生理学自身发展的客观要求，是希尔在这两个领域取得成功的重要历史条件，而希尔在科学研究道路上的有利社会环境是其成功的重要社会条件。更多还原

【Abstract】 Archibald Hill (1886-1977), a famous British physiologist in the20thcentury, an excellent representative of muscle physiology and musclemechanics, pioneer and founder of exercise physiology, winner of the NobelPrize for physiology or medicine in1922.This paper is about a study of Hill’s contribution to physiology, takingthe route of internal history research, based on the empirical research as thebasic method. From the perspective of Hill’s contribution to different branches,this study mainly takes time as the main line, and from five parts, reviewesand summarizes Hill’s research experience and fruitful results in basicphysiology and applied physiology, comprehensively and in-depth, anddiscusses preliminaryly Hill’s characteristics of scientific activities, revealingHill’s theoretic points of view and thinking methods.Firstly, this paper makes a comprehensive introduction of Hill’s life. Hillturned from a teenage of math genius to an excellent physiology expert, andwas awarded the Nobel Prize for heat discovery in muscle. Long engaged inthe study of muscle and nerve physiology, Hill made great achievments, andlaid the foundation creatively for exercise physiology to become anindependent discipline. During the two world wars Hill was widely anddeeply involved in military and political activities, making an indeliblecontribution for peaceful liberation of human being.Hill took heat measuring as main means for the study of muscles. Basedon the problems to be solved and the field focused on in the study of muscles,Hill’s contribution to muscle physiology is divided into two parts. In musclecalorimetry and chemistry, the series of Hill’s work is systematicly elaboratedin this paper, highlighting Hill’s discovery of aerobic recovery heat and itssignificance. Taking thermal measuring as guide and reference in muscle chemical research, Hill’s "energetics framework of chemical vision" is hisguiding ideology to solve the problemes of muscle chemistry, as well as hischaracteristic of the research in the field.In terms of muscle mechanics, Hill’s unremitting exploration work in thefield of muscle mechanics, combining thermodynamics, is comprehensivelydisplayed, his achievements and far-reaching influences in each phase aresummarized. From the original inheritance and development of the earlyelastic body theory, combined with the study of the sticky characteristics ofmuscle, sticky-elastic theory was proposed, and then the characteristicequation was found, a new trinary muscle mechanics model established. Indifferent periods, Hill’s work made important contributiones to this field, andhis new model also eventually dominated the subsequent researches in musclemechanics.In the field of nerve physiology, Hill’s creative work and positivecontribution is stated from thermodynamics and neural electrophysiologicalstudy respectively in this paper, and his extremely wonderful instructionreappeared. Hill applied thermal measurement technology to the nerveresearch, and found the heat phenomenon of nerve conduction, and clarifyedthe mechanism of neural activity combined with the related find. With certainconditions, Hill also turned to electrophysiology, showing that high frequencyshocks had inhibitory effectes on nerve, and the invalid electrical stimulationcan extend nerve’s refractory period. Hill also made theoretic generalizationon the relationship between the electrical excitation and adaptation.In terms of exercise physiology, Hill’s achievements mainly concentratedon maximal oxygen intake and oxygen debt, etc., puting forward and carryingout research on the concepts and theories, which this article discusses mainly.And this aricle also explores into Hill’s pioneering work of some issues ofhuman muscle movement and others, stressing Hill’s founding effect in settingup the subject. Hill applied fruits in muscle physiology to the study of humanmovement, to achieve the purpose of testing and verifying. He promoted notonly the development of muscle physiology, but also the rise of exercise physiology. Therefore, Hill’s work in this aspect was from his muscle research.At the same time Hill’s study of human’s movement ranged wide.Hill’s other scattered research work in the field of basic physiology arealso reviewed and summarized in this thesis. These research topics were fromhis colleagues, or unexpectedly, their contents mainly involved the saturationformula, hemoglobin, diffusion phenomenon and the exsiting state of water,and such specific problems, some of the achievements caused no smallrepercussions in the history of the development of physiology. For example,Hill equation he proposed has since appeared in the textbook.This paper argues that Hill’s physiological research has distinctivepersonal characteristics, which display in two aspects, namely use of theoriesand methods of physics, and taking route of from basic research to appliedresearch. Hill is a biophysicist; he also attached great importance to theverification and application of basic theory and knowledge. Hill related thebasic research of muscle physiology to application research of humanmovement, which represents a unique clue in Hill’s physiological study. Theformation of important theories of exercise physiology stemmed in fact fromHill’s in vitro muscle physiology research. Hill pulled closer the distancebetween basic science and real life. People are influenced in theunderstanding of the concept of body movement by his theory.Hill’s scientific activities reflected some unique scientific thoughts andmethods, which still for our future research work has reference value. Hillpaid much attention to the point of view of scientific research, which typicallymanifested in the thought of "framework for the vision of chemistry". At thesame time, Hill did not secure himself in one field, one perspective, or onemethod, but showed obvious flexibility. Insistence of research direction andtimely transformation are two important factors of promoting thedevelopment of Hill’s work. On the use of specific methods, Hill has apowerful mathematical tool.In this paper, preliminary analysis of the social and historical conditionsin Hill’s physiological achievements has been carried on, thinking that low level of muscle chemistry in the early time and the objective request of thedevelopment of exercise physiology were important historical conditions ofHill’s success in these two territories. The favorable social environments areimportant factors on Hill’s successful scientific road.更多还原