教学资源及其优化问题研究

【作者】 杨晓奇；

【导师】 李如密；

【作者基本信息】 南京师范大学 ， 课程与教学论， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 教学资源作为支撑教学活动的基本要素和条件,逐渐成为一个崭新的研究领域,走进了教学论研究者的学术视野。教学资源是指在学校教育中,围绕教学活动的开展,为实现教学目标,优化教学活动,提升教学品质而参与其中且能被优化的所有教学要素的总和。教学资源是教学的构成性资源与影响性资源的协同共生；是教学中预设性资源与生成性资源的和谐统一；是单一型资源与混合型资源的叠加交叉；是教学活动中人本资源与“物性”资源的有效结合；是学段性资源与学科性资源的相互统一。教学资源具有多样性、实践性、协同性、时代性、开放性和可开发性等特征。对于教学资源可以有多种分类方式和标准,教学资源的差异性和联系性分别构成了对教学资源进行向下分类和向上分类的基础。基于单一型和综合型两种分类标准的考虑,本研究在综合权衡教学资源的动与静相结合、开发与未开发相结合、预设与生成相结合等三个主要维度的基础上,采用综合型分类的标准,将教学资源分为静显性教学资源、潜隐性教学资源和生成性教学资源三大主要类型,依此对教学资源开展了相关研究。教学资源的存在形态多种多样,综合考虑主要有静显性教学资源、潜隐性教学资源和生成性教学资源三大主要类型。教学系统中的静显性教学资源主要涉及教学的时空资源、教学文本资源和教学中的人本资源；潜隐性教学资源主要涉及师生的智能资源、教学中的人际情感资源和“民间”的教学资源；生成性教学资源主要涉及教学中的“情境”资源、教学中的“事件”资源和教学中的“错误”资源。教学资源的这些存在形态对于提升教学资源的价值有着重要的意义。教学资源的价值之于教师,有助于涵养教师的教学实践智慧；有助于增强教师的教学效能；有助于彰显教师的教学个性；有助于觉醒教师的教学资源意识；对于学生,有利于学生选择适切的学习方式；有助于培育学生深度学习的学习品质；有助于丰富学生的思维方式。教学资源的运行机制实质上是指各种教学资源如何在教学系统的整体架构下各自发挥作用和价值,形成教学合力、实现教学目标并优化教学效果的过程。系统论思想为教学资源运行提供了坚实的基础性理论依据；协同学思想为教学资源运行的基本方式提供了强有力的理论支撑；生态学思想为教学资源运行的基本状态勾勒出了和谐愿景；丰富的课堂教学实践为教学资源运行提供了鲜活的实践场域。教学资源的运行机制主要包括教学资源的保障性机制、动力性机制和调节性机制。不同学科视域中的资源配置对于教学资源配置均有着一定的借鉴价值。教学资源的优化配置应遵循优效、公平及均衡的基本准则。在教学资源的配置中,支持教学活动开展所需要的主客观要素均能成为教学资源的来源,其中教师在教学资源的配置中是最具能动的主体,采用“学校”和“教师”组成的混合型资源配置方式是较为合理的路径选择,教学资源的配置效益与教学品质的提升密切关联。为了了解教学资源优化的现状与表现,通过调查问卷法、访谈法和课堂观察法,按照目的性抽样的原则,选取了甘肃省庆阳市396名中小学教师实施了问卷调查,并深入到庆阳市三所小学对7名个案教师实施了访谈和课堂观察。通过实践研究,发现教学资源优化的现状集中地表现为：对于教学资源的认识与理解较为含混；过度依赖“物性”的教学资源；视教科书为最核心的教学文本资源；忽视课堂教学中的生成性教学资源；教学资源运用的简单化倾向较为明显；教学资源优化的意识及能力存有较大的提升空间。研究同时发现,教学资源优化的主要途径依此是：教师日常的课堂教学实践；教师的教学反思与再实践；教师学习；教师开展相关的教学研究以及各级各类的教师培训。经过归纳总结发现教师对于教学资源优化的主要方式分别是：筛选、调配、转化以及整合。同时,在外部影响因素方面,教育资源的基本配置间接地影响教学资源的优化；课程资源较为直接地影响着教学资源的优化；在内部影响因素方面,教师的教学资源意识是影响教学资源优化的先导性因素,教师的教学资源能力是影响教学资源优化的决定性因素。基于教学资源优化中的问题,本研究提出教学资源优化的主要策略。首先应积极培植教师的教学资源的意识；其次要努力强化教师的教学资源能力建设；再次要做好教学资源的普查与摸底工作；最后要减少教学资源开发与利用中的资源荒废问题,并在教学资源持续优化的基础上,使得课堂教学变革遵循一种循序渐进、持续推动的渐变逻辑,从而形成不断深化的课堂变革路径。更多还原

【Abstract】 As a kind of indispensable basic essential factor and the condition,"the teaching and learning resource" plays an important basic role in any normal teaching and learning activities in the modern education. Being a new field of teaching research, it has come within the teaching researchers’academic range of vision.The teaching and learning resources in this thesis refers to the integration of the teaching and learning factors of revolving the activity development, implementing the objectives, optimizing the activities and upgrading the qualities of the teaching and learning. The teaching and learning resources are the synergistic symbiosis between the constitutive and influence resources, the harmony and unity between the generative and the preset resources, the superimposed cross between the single type and the mixed resources, the effective combination between the physical properties and human-based resources, the mutual unity between the segmental and the subjective resources. The teaching and learning resource has the characteristics of diversity, practicality, co-operation, times, openness and exploitability. The teaching and learning resources can be classified into many kinds with different criterions and modes. The connectivity and the differences of the teaching and learning resources are the basis of classification up and down. Depending on the criterions of the single and the mixed, the teaching and learning resources can be classified into the static dominant, latent and generative resources.Although the pattern of the teaching and learning resources varies, it can be classified into the static dominant, latent and generative resources according to the mixed types. The static dominant teaching and learning resources mainly includes the space and time resources, the text resources and the human-based resources; the latent teaching and learning resources mainly includes the interpersonal and the emotion resources about the teacher and students, the intelligence about the teacher and students and "the folk" resources about the teaching and learning; the generative resources mainly include the "the situation" resources,"the event" resources and the "mistake" resources in the teaching and learning. These existences have provided the rich and colorful ways and the mechanisms about the teaching and learning resources’activities. The value of the teaching and learning resource shows that it can conserve the teachers’ wisdom, strengthen the teachers’ teaching efficacies; highlight the teachers’ personality and wake the teachers’ consciousness of the teaching and learning resources.The operating mechanism of the teaching and learning resources in essence refers to how each kind of teaching and learning resources plays its own function and value under the teaching systems and how each resources form the joint forces to achieve the teaching goal and optimizes the teaching and learning process. The system theory thought has provided the solid foundational basis for the teaching and learning resources activities, the synergetic thought has provided the powerful support for the teaching and learning resources activities pattern, the ecology thought outlined the harmonious prospect for the teaching and learning resources’activities, the rich classroom instruction practice has provided the bright practice field for the teaching and learning resources activities. The teaching and learning resources’operational mechanism mainly includes the indemnificatory mechanism, the kinetic mechanism and the adjustable mechanism.The resource configuration in the different subjects all has some certain value to the teaching and learning resources’configuration. The teaching and learning resources’ configuration should follow the criterion of the superior effect, fair and the proportion. All the subjective and objective essential factors which support the teaching and learning activities can be the origin of teaching and learning resource. But the teacher plays the most dynamic role in the teaching and learning resource.The mixed resources of "the school" and "the teacher" is the more reasonable way of the resource choice and it has close connection with the teaching quality promotion.In order to find the optimization situation of the teaching and learning resources, we grant questionnaire survey in nearly396teachers, interview7teachers and conduct classroom observations to find the results. The results show that regarding the textbook for the only text resources; over-depending on "the physical" resources; neglecting the generative resources in class; simplifying in the exploiting and applying of the teaching and learning resources and lacking the consciousnesses and abilities of the teaching and learning resource.We also find that the ways of the optimization of the teaching and learning resource are the daily classroom teachings firstly; the teaching reflection and re-practice secondly; the teachers’ studies thirdly; the related teaching and research of the teachers and all kind levels of the teachers’training finally. The modes of the optimization are selection, mixture, transformation, integration and some other channels to achieve the teaching purpose. We find that educational resources influence the teaching and learning resource indirectly, curriculum resources influence the teaching and learning resource directly in the external. The teachers’consciousnesses of teaching and learning resources are the guiding factor and the teachers’abilities of teaching and learning resources are decisive factors in the internal.The final purpose of the teaching and learning resources research is how to optimize the teaching and learning resources. The strategies of optimization to deal with problem above, firstly, we should cultivate the teacher’s teaching resources consciousness, secondly, we must strengthen teacher’s teaching resources ability; thirdly, we should conduct the general survey about the teaching and learning resources, finally we should reduce the wasting of the teaching and learning resources.Through the continuous optimization of the teaching and learning resources, the transformation about the classroom teaching will follow the logic of step-by-step and continuous promotion, thus the classroom teaching transformation will deepen unceasingly.更多还原