高职院校技能人才有效培养研究

【作者】 何应林；

【导师】 顾建军；

【作者基本信息】 南京师范大学 ， 职业技术教育学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 全球性的技能短缺问题在中国以旷日持久的“技工荒”的形式表现出来,这对有着巨大技能人才需求的我国形成了很大的考验,也使职业院校技能人才培养的低效问题表现得更加明显。为了增强高职院校技能人才培养的有效性,更好地满足国家社会经济发展对高职技能人才的需要,以及学生的生计和发展需要,论文运用问卷调查法、访谈法和文献研究法,从有效益培养、有效果培养和有效率培养三个方面对高职院校技能人才培养的“有效”问题进行了初步的探索。“有效益”的高职院校技能人才培养是指培养结果能够较好地满足高职院校学生和社会经济发展需要的技能人才培养活动。在高职院校技能人才培养中,可以将学生分为“愿意且适合”、“愿意但不适合”以及“不愿意”走技能成才道路的高职院校学生三类；教师应有区别地对待不同类型的学生,以更好地满足所有学生的需要。为了准确把握企业等用人单位对高职技能人才的需要,在进行“企业等用人单位对高职技能人才的需要”分析时,应采用科学的方法,并遵循合理的程序。在高职院校技能人才培养中,高职院校及其教师、学生都可以在“企业等用人单位对高职技能人才的需要”满足方面作出自己的努力。“有效果”的高职院校技能人才培养是指实现了预期人才培养目标的技能人才培养活动。实施专科层次高等职业教育的高职院校应以高级技术技能型人才为培养目标,这个目标由方向目标、类型目标、层次目标和规格目标四个部分构成。为了保证技能人才培养目标的科学性,高职院校应以技能人才供求状况、高职院校学生的特点和高职教育发展水平为依据,按照一定的程序来确立培养目标,并采取“小修+大修”的方式适时修订培养目标。“有效率”的高职院校技能人才培养是指高职院校通过校企合作,以较少的教育资源投入使得高职院校学生成长为高级技术技能型人才的人才培养活动。校企合作通过包含有效课程、有效实训、有效教师、有效环境和有效评价等要素的“有效条件”来实现其对高职院校技能人才有效培养的作用。企业合作意愿不足是当前高职校企合作中存在的主要问题,其形成原因主要有两个：一个是我国相关法律法规中未对“企业参与职业教育的社会责任”进行明确,另一个是高职院校满足企业需要的能力不强。为了使高职院校能够持续、有效率地实现技能人才培养目标,需要建立高职校企合作长效机制。为此,应注意三点：一是高职校企合作应坚持高职院校学生、企业和高职院校三方“共赢”的原则,二是要为高职校企合作提供法律性制度、监督性制度和技术性制度等“制度保障”,三是高职院校应主动提升服务企业的能力,持续关注企业发展并主动为其提供服务。在上述研究的基础上,论文构建了一个由3个一级依据、10个二级依据和20个三级依据组成的高职院校技能人才有效培养判断依据框架。通过这个框架,可以判断高职院校技能人才有效培养存在哪些要素。增强高职院校技能人才培养的有效性,需要动态、持续、整体地推进这些要素的发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 Global skill shortage appears in China in the form of protracted shortage of skilled workers, it has formed a great test to our country that has great demand for skilled talents, and it also has made the vocational colleges’inefficient problems of skilled talents training appear more obvious. In order to enhance the effectiveness of skilled talents’ training in higher vocational colleges, to better meet the economic development’s need for higher vocational education skilled talents, and the students’ living needs and development needs, this paper use methods of questionnaire investigation, interview and literature research, carrying out the preliminary exploration of skilled talents’ training "effective" question in higher vocational colleges from three aspects, such as training has benefit, training has effect, and training has efficiency.Training has benefit of skilled talents in higher vocational colleges refers to skilled talents’ training activities whose results can meet the need of higher vocational college students and economic development well. During the skilled talents’training in higher vocational colleges, we can divide students into three categories, such as "willing and suitable for","willing but unsuitable for" and "unwilling" taking skill road. Higher vocational college teachers should treat different types of students differently, in order to meet all students’ needs better. In order to grasp the enterprise’ need for higher vocational education skilled talents accurately, we should use scientific methods and follow reasonable program while analyzing the enterprise’ need for higher vocational education skilled talents. During the skilled talents’ training in higher vocational colleges, higher vocational colleges and their teachers and students can all make their own efforts in terms of meeting the enterprise’ need for higher vocational education skilled talents.Training has effect of skilled talents in higher vocational colleges refers to skilled talents’ training activities which has carried out the expected training goal. Higher vocational college who implements higher vocational education of specialized level should take senior technical skilled talent as its training goal; this goal consists of four parts, such as direction goal, type goal, level goal and specification goal. In order to ensure the scientificity of skilled talents’training goal, higher vocational colleges should establish the training goal according to supply and demand situation of skilled talents, characteristics of higher vocational college students, and development level of higher vocational education, and following certain program, besides, revise the training goal timely by the way of "minor repair add heavy repair"Training has efficiency of skilled talents in higher vocational colleges refers to skilled talents’training activities that higher vocational colleges make students grew up to be senior technical skilled talent by the way university-enterprise cooperation, and put less education resources into the training. The university-enterprise cooperation carry out its function on skilled talents’effective training in higher vocational colleges through effective condition, which is consist of elements such as effective curriculum, effective training, effective teacher, effective environment and effective evaluation. Enterprises don’t have sufficient cooperation intention is the main problem in present university-enterprise cooperation of higher vocational education, there are two main reasons for the formation:one is China’s relevant laws and regulations haven’t cleared social responsibility of enterprises to participate in professional education, another is higher vocational colleges’abilities to meet the needs of enterprises are not strong. In order to make the higher vocational colleges carry out the skilled talents’training goal continuously and efficiently, long-term mechanism of university-enterprise cooperation of higher vocational education is needed to be created. In order to get this goal, the following three things should be pay attention to:firstly, university-enterprise cooperation of higher vocational education should obey the "win-win" principle of the three main bodies such as higher vocational college students, enterprises and higher vocational colleges; secondly, the relevant departments should provide institution guarantee such as legal institution, supervisory institution and technical institution for university-enterprise cooperation of higher vocational education; thirdly, higher vocational colleges should improve their service abilities initiatively, pay attention to enterprises’development continuously and take the initiative to provide services.On the basis of the above research, this paper builds a judgment basis framework of skilled talents’effective training in higher vocational colleges, which contains three primary bases, ten secondary bases, and twenty tertiary bases. Through this framework, we can judge what elements exist in skilled talents’effective training in higher vocational colleges. To enhance the effectiveness of skilled talents’training in higher vocational colleges, we need to promote the development of these elements dynamically, persistently and integrally.更多还原