【作者】 王坤；

【导师】 张新平；

【作者基本信息】 南京师范大学 ， 教育领导与管理， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 在今天的中小学普遍实行校长负责制的管理体制下,无论怎么强调中小学校长的作用都不过分。通过上级任命、主动参与竞聘、民主荐举等方式走上校长的工作岗位,这只是当上校长的第一步,校长的管理职能能不能得到保障,管理的质量和效益能不能得到彰显,不仅取决于校长拥有哪些权力,而且取决于校长如何运作这些权力。因此,对校长如何运作权力的研究应该成为教育管理理论和实践研究领域重要关注点之一。本论文通过对一位农村普通中心小学校长工作样态的实地研究,借助权力的视角,运用谱系学的分析方法,按照“对外”和“对内”权力运作的两个维度,描画了当前小学校长权力运作的基本图景。小学校长对外权力运作的对象主要包括上级教育主管部门和学生家长,这两类主体对学校教育的需求既有共同之处,也有分歧之点。校长,作为学校的主管人员,经常在追求“政绩”上“办让上级满意的教育”和在追求“效益”上“办让家长满意的教育”之间摇摆。总体来看,在对外的权力运作上,校长呈现出鲜明的“弱势”特征,是在“为满足上级期望而工作”。对于上级的“林林总总”的通知和下达的各项任务,只有服从、执行和接受,甚至不惜用“编数据”和“造材料”的方式来迎合。偶尔也会耍些不过分的“小聪明”。对于学生家长,由于受现在社会舆论氛围和政策导向的影响,也是以满足和服务为主。小学校长对内权力运作的对象比较复杂,涵盖学校中的一切。相比较校长对外权力运作中“示弱”的表现,在对内权力运作中,校长呈现出更多的“强势”特征。作为行政上的“首长”,能够充分运用手中的权力,设置学校内部组织机构,评聘考核中层干部,用“工程”的方式推进学校各项建设,采取各种微权力技术管理教师,恩威并用,软硬兼施。作为专业上的“领头人”,能够落实国标课程,开发校本课程,进行课堂教学改革,创建学校文化,虽然有力不从心之处,但也基本上能够把自己的意志和想法掺杂其中,在学校中实现,充分显示出校长负责制管理模式的特征。这些权力运作,既有来自外部力量的推动,也有校长自己主观努力的结果。由此让我们更加清醒地认识到校长对学校发展的重要性,更加有理由确信校长的素质决定学校的办学质量。从权力运作的谱系学视角来分析,在对外权力运作方面,由于校长职位的获得和办学资源的来源主要是外控的,主要采取服从、拖、政治修辞等方式来应对。在对内权力运作方面,由于校长负责制的管理体制,校长对学校内的人财物拥有较高的支配权,权力运作的方式则更加复杂化、精致化、微观化。由此也形成了当下不少校长的“对内强、对外弱”的“两面派”权力性格。无论当下的小学校长以何种形式进行权力运作,都是在这个社会中生存的需要,有些是主观设定的结果,有些是不得已而为之,这也是对社会现实生活的反映。清楚地了解小学校长所处的社会环境和职业状况,对解决小学校长如何用权,正确处理学校与政府、社区之间的关系,以及校长自身的专业成长等问题都具有重要的现实意义和参考价值。更多还原

【Abstract】 Today, Headmaster-in-charge system has put into practice widely in elementary and secondary school.No matter how stressed the role of the principal can not be overstated.By appointment of superiors, through actively participating in competition, or democratic recommend and other ways, someone obtains the position of headmaster, this is just the first step for the principal, principals’management functions, management quality and efficiency not only depend on what powers the principal has possessed, but also depend on how to operate these powers. Therefore, how to operate the power of principals should be paid close attention to education management practice and theory research. In this thesis, by studying on power operation, take a primary school principal as an example, with the method of field research, the researcher intends to draw the picture of current elementary schools, revealing the education management problems, and improving some strategic recommendations to the operation of the power for principals.School principal’s external object mainly includes higher educational authorities and students’ parents, which demand for school education in agreement, and differences in some points. As an executive officer of the school, principal is in the pursuit of "achievements", and "let superiors satisfactory", as well as pursues "effectiveness", and "let parents satisfied".Therefore, school principals must create different derivative modes of power’s operation for different needs.Overall, on the external power operation, the principal shows the characteristics of "weak", is "to meet the higher expectations". To "many" notice and all issued tasks from the superior, the principal must obey and perform, even to deceive. To students’parents, due to the atmosphere of social public opinions and the influence of the policy guidance, the principal now also give priority to satisfy and service.The internal power operation object of Elementary school principals is complicated, covering everything in the school, the school principal’s power characteristics in internal appear significantly, through organizing internal departments, supervising personnel, controlling time and space, reforming curriculum and teaching, constructing school culture, the principal makes his own power run to affect every corner of the campus. These powers are operated both from external forces and subjective efforts. This situation makes us clearly realize the importance of the principal for the school development, there is reason to believe the President’s quality decides the quality of the school. by means of the examples of the power operation of today’s school principal, the researcher sums up the forms of power operation of primary school principal currently, at the same time naming them obedience, drag, political rhetoric, micro-power technology applications,etc. Principals rely on positional power, as well as the resulting power of production, and expand their power net work. Power "Puzzle" is one of the factors plaguing the development of education, making education more and more politicized, deviated from the education of their own development goals.Regardless of the current elementary school principals operate powers in whatever forms, it is the need to survive in this society. Some are the result of subjective set, some of them are forced to work on, and it is also a reflection of real life to the society. These make us clearly understand social environment and occupational status of the elementary school principal today.This thesis suggests starting from the normative power operation ways, insisting on democracy, balancing rights and responsibilities. Through establishing of the modern school system, the relationship between the government and schools should be reconstructed, the power’s operation of the principal should be regulated. For the principals themselves, they should make full efforts to promote professional development, realizing the transition from management to leadership.更多还原