【作者】 赵乾坤；

【导师】 张光灿； 王治国；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 森林培育学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 随着新《中华人民共和国水土保持法》和《全国水土保持区划（试行）》的颁布和实施，不同区域的水土保持分区和生态功能成为新时期水土保持研究的重要内容，也是水土流失综合防治工作的基础，然而目前国家级水土保持区划应用于省级水土保持分区时欠精细，其区域类型及功能过于概化难利用。同时，新《水土保持法》中第一次在水土流失防治中提出了生态脆弱区的要求，而作为界定生态脆弱区基础的生态脆弱性评价，缺乏针对水土保持的评价方法与模式研究，不利于指导水土保持工作的科学开展。因此，需要基于水土保持生态功能，进行省级水土保持区划和生态脆弱性研究，为区域性水土保持区划和水土流失防治工作提供科学依据。论文以地处黄土高原区的山西省为研究对象，继承全国水土保持区划的原则、指标、方法与成果，运用空间叠置技术和水土流失主导因子空间分析等方法，提出山西省水土保持二级分区体系，即水土保持战略格局区（一级区）和主导功能区（二级区）。山西省共划分为6个一级区，13个二级区，分别对一、二级水土保持分区的生态脆弱性进行评价；通过水土保持功能与脆弱性评价分析，充分反映了区域综合防治的重点并提出水土流失综合防治建议。山西省水土保持分区是在全国水土保持区划系统架构下进行的，可以与全国水土保持区划较好的衔接，克服了以往区划的独立性，使其能够更好的应用于水土保持规划及水土保持工作的统筹管理。（1）山西省水土保持一级（战略格局）分区参考山西省地貌类型图、山西省水系分布图、全国水土保持三级分区的专题图，结合山西省的县级行政分区，利用GIS技术平台对专题图进行空间叠置和格局分析，依据地貌特征指标（平均海拔）以及水热指标（≥10℃积温，多年平均降水量）等，划定由不同地貌类型的水土保持分区，即山西省水土保持一级分区。一级分区命名采用“地理位置+地貌类型”的方式。划分为6个一级区，具体为：1）Ⅰ太行山西北部山地丘陵区2）Ⅱ太行山西南部山地丘陵区3）Ⅲ晋西北黄土丘陵沟壑区4）Ⅳ汾河中游丘陵沟壑区5）Ⅴ晋南丘陵阶地区6）Ⅵ晋西南高塬沟壑区（2）山西省水土保持二级（主导功能）分区在一级分区的基础上，进一步依据微地貌类型、土壤类型、海拔（县级）、地面坡度、水土流失类型及其比例、气温条件、林草覆盖度等指标因子的空间分布状况，划分为13个二级区，结合山西省水土流失特点，提出了土壤保持、蓄水保水、拦沙减沙、农田防护、水源涵养、防风固沙、生态维护、人居环境维护等8种水土保持生态功能类型，并借鉴水土保持区划导则中的计算方法，对山西省各二级区进行了水土保持生态功能定位，并分析其分布格局特征。二级区命名采用“区域地理位置+优势（主要）地貌类型+水土保持主导功能”的方式，具体为：1）Ⅰ-1雁北西部缓坡丘陵风沙防风固沙区2）Ⅰ-2大同盆地及周边山地农田防护区3）Ⅰ-3恒山五台山山地丘陵水源涵养区4）Ⅱ-1太行山中段山地丘陵土壤保持区5）Ⅱ-2长治盆地及周边山地水源涵养区6）Ⅲ-1忻州西部缓坡丘陵风沙防风固沙区7）Ⅲ-2汾河上游山地丘陵生态维护区8）Ⅲ-3晋西黄土丘陵沟壑拦沙减沙区9）Ⅳ-1太原晋中盆地及山前阶地人居环境维护区10）Ⅳ-2临汾盆地北部丘陵阶地土壤保持区11）Ⅴ-1晋城丘陵阶地蓄水保水区12）Ⅴ-2晋南-中条山丘陵阶地土壤保持区13）Ⅵ-1晋西南高塬沟壑土壤保持区（3）山西省水土保持生态脆弱性评价综合山西省自然、社会经济影响因素及其水土流失特点，选取多年平均气温、多年平均降雨量、多年平均暴雨日数、多年平均大风天数、林草覆盖率、耕垦指数、农村人口密度、国民生产总值、工矿业密度、粮食总产量、水土流失率、中度以上水土流失比、水土流失治理率、坡耕地面积比共14项指标，构建水土保持生态脆弱性评价指标体系，采用基于评价指标重要性赋值（专家评判打分）和建立判别矩阵检验的层次分析法（AHP），以县（市）为单元计算生态脆弱度，将脆弱性程度划分为轻度、中度、强度、极强度脆弱4个等级，进而评价不同县（市）的生态脆弱性等级，分析一、二级区不同水土保持功能区的生态脆弱性程度。水土保持一级分区生态脆弱性评价结果：1）生态脆弱性属于强度脆弱级的区域：Ⅰ太行山西北部山地丘陵区Ⅱ太行山西南部山地丘陵区Ⅲ晋西北黄土丘陵沟壑区2）生态脆弱性属于轻-中度脆弱级的区域：Ⅳ汾河中游丘陵沟壑区3）生态脆弱性属于中-强度脆弱级的区域：Ⅴ晋南丘陵阶地区（中-强度脆弱）4）生态脆弱性属于强度-极强度脆弱级的区域：Ⅵ晋西南高塬沟壑区水土保持二级分区生态脆弱性评价结果：1）生态脆弱性属于强度脆弱级的区域：Ⅰ-2大同盆地及周边山地农田防护区Ⅰ-3恒山五台山山地丘陵水源涵养区Ⅱ-1太行山中段山地丘陵土壤保持区Ⅱ-2长治盆地及周边山地水源涵养区Ⅲ-1忻州西部缓坡丘陵风沙防风固沙区Ⅲ-2汾河上游山地丘陵生态维护区2）生态脆弱性属于强度-极强度脆弱级的区域：Ⅴ-1晋城丘陵阶地蓄水保水区Ⅵ-1晋西南高塬沟壑土壤保持区3）生态脆弱性属于中度脆弱级的区域：Ⅳ-2临汾盆地北部丘陵阶地土壤保持区Ⅴ-2晋南-中条山丘陵阶地土壤保持区4）生态脆弱性属于轻度脆弱级的区域：Ⅰ-1雁北西部缓坡丘陵风沙防风固沙区5）生态脆弱性属于轻-中度脆弱级的区域：Ⅳ-1太原晋中盆地及山前阶地人居环境维护区6）生态脆弱性属于极强度脆弱级的区域：Ⅲ-3晋西黄土丘陵沟壑拦沙减沙区更多还原

【Abstract】 As the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Soil and Water Conservation and theRegionalization of the National Soil and Water Conservation were promulgated andimplemented, regionalizations and ecological functions of soil and water conservationbecome the important contents of soil and water conservation works and the basis of soiland water loss control in the new era. However, it is too rough of the nationalregionalization to apply in the provincial dimention. By the first time, the Law of thePeople’s Republic of China on Soil and Water Conservation proposed the demands ofecological vulnerability areas, but the research of ecological vulnerability evaluation wasnot enough in methods and modes exploration, which is not benefit to carry out the work ofsoil and water conservation. Therefore, it is necessary to do research on provincialregionalization and ecological vulnerability based on ecological functions of soil and waterconservation, which could offer scientific basis for the regionalization of soil and waterconservation and the control of soil and water loss.Based on the principles, index, methods and chievements of the national regionalizationof soil and water conservation, we chose Shanxi province as the study area, and proposed thesystem of two-degree regionalization of soil and water conservation in Shanxi, by methods oftechnology of spatial overlaying and spatial analysis of dominant factor. By dividing Shanxiinto6first-degree regions and13second-degree regions, we evaluated the ecologicalvulnerability of the first-degree and second-degree regions; by analyzing the functions of soiland water conservation and vulnerability, the focus of soil and water loss control was showed,and the suggestions and measures were formed.The achievements of the thesis are as follows:(1) The first-degree regions of soil and water conservation in ShanxiAccording to the mapof landform type, of basin distribution in Shanxi, and thethematic map of the national third-degree regions of soil and water conservation, combiningthe administrative division of Shanxi, the spatial overlaying and pattern analysis of thethematic map were done by GIS. By using index of altitude, cumulative temperature above10℃, and average precipitation,6first-degree regions were devided. The name offirst-degree region was defined as “geographic location and landform type”：1) ⅠThe mountainous and hilly area in the north-west of Taihang Mountain2) ⅡThe mountainous and hilly area in the south-west of Taihang Mountain3) ⅢThe loess hilly and gully area in the north-west of Shanxi 4) ⅣThe hilly-gully area in the middle Fen river5) ⅤThe hilly terrace in the south of Shanxi6) ⅥThe loess gully area in Shanxi, Shanxi and Gansu(2) The second-degree regions of of soil and water conservation in ShanxiBased on the first-degree regions,13second-degree regions were divided in Shanxi byusing the index of reginal landform type, soil type, altitude in county dimention, surfaceslope, type and proportion of soil and water loss, temperature, and grass and forestcoverage.8ecological functions of soil and water conservation, which were soilconservation, wate holding and storage, sand interception and reduction, farmlandprotection, water conservation, wind prevention and sand fixationm, ecology maintaince,and living environment maintaince, were proposed. The ecological function roles ofsecond-degree regions were determined according to the methods in the guide of soil andwater conservation regionalizations.The name of second-degree region was defined as“geographic location and dominant landform type and dominant function of soil and waterconservation”：1) Ⅰ-1The wind prevention, sand fixation and soil conservation regionof the hilly andsandy area in the west of the western Yanmenguan2) Ⅰ-2The farmland protection and water storage region of themountainous area inDatong basin and its surrounding area3) Ⅰ-3The water conservation and ecology maintenance region of the mountainous andhilly area of Heng Mountain and Wutai Mountain4) Ⅱ-1The soil conservation and disaster prevention and mitigation region inmountainous and hilly area of the the middle of Taihang Mountain5) Ⅱ-2The water conservation and ecology maintaince region of the mountainous areain Changzhi basin and its surrounding area6) Ⅲ-1The wind prevention and sand fixation region of the hilly and sandy area in thewest of Xinzhou7) Ⅲ-2The ecology maintaion and soil conservation region of the mountainous andhilly area in the upstream of Fen river8) Ⅲ-3The sand interception and reduction, and disaster prevention and mitigationregion of the Loess hilly and gully area in the west of Shanxi 9) Ⅳ-1The living environment maintaince and soil conservation region of the Jinzhongbasin and piedmont terrace area in Taiyuan10) Ⅳ-2The soil conservation and water storage region of the hilly terrace area in thenorth of Linfen basin11) Ⅴ-1The water storage and soil retention region of the hilly terrace area in Jincheng12) Ⅴ-2The soil conservation and farmland prevention region of the hilly terrace areain southern Shanxi and Zhongtiao Mountain13) Ⅵ-1The soil conservation and water conservation region of the plateau and gullyarea in the south-west of Shanxi(3) The ecological vulnerability evaluation of soil and water conservation in ShanxiBy analyzing the natural, social and economic factors and soil and water erosioncharacteristics in Shanxi, the index system of ecological vulnerability bevaluation ased on soiland water conservation was built; by the method of AHP, the evaluationg system ofecological vulnerability was established based on the uniti of county. Then, we analized andevaluated the ecological vulnerbilites of the first-degree and second-degree regions in Shanxi.The ecological vulnerability evaluation of first-degree regions:1) Regions of severe vulnerablility:ⅠThe mountainous and hilly area in the north-west of Taihang MountainⅡThe mountainous and hilly area in the south-west of Taihang MountainⅢThe loess hilly and gully area in the north-west of Shanxi2) Regions of mild-medium vulnerablility:ⅣThe hilly-gully area in the middle Fen river3) Regions of medium-severe vulnerablility:ⅤThe hilly terrace in the south of Shanxi4) Regions of severe-ultra severe vulnerablility:ⅥThe loess gully area in Shanxi, Shanxi and GansuThe ecological vulnerability evaluation of second-degree regions:1) Regions of severe vulnerablility:Ⅰ-2The farmland protection and water storage region of the mountainous area inDatong basin and its surrounding areaⅠ-3The water conservation and ecology maintenance region of the mountainous andhilly area of Heng Mountain and Wutai Mountain Ⅱ-1The soil conservation and disaster prevention and mitigation region in mountainousand hilly area of the the middle of Taihang MountainⅡ-2The water conservation and ecology maintaince region of the mountainous area inChangzhi basin and its surrounding areaⅢ-1The wind prevention and sand fixation region of the hilly and sandy area in thewest of XinzhouⅢ-2The ecology maintaion and soil conservation region of the mountainous and hillyarea in the upstream of Fen river2) Regions of severe-ultra severe vulnerablility:Ⅴ-1The water storage and soil retention region of the hilly terrace area in JinchengⅥ-1The soil conservation and water conservation region of the plateau and gully area inthe south-west of Shanxi3) Regions of mild-medium vulnerablility:Ⅳ-2The soil conservation and water storage region of the hilly terrace area in the northof Linfen basinⅤ-2The soil conservation and farmland prevention region of the hilly terrace area insouthern Shanxi and Zhongtiao Mountain4) Regions of mild-medium vulnerablility:Ⅰ-1The wind prevention, sand fixation and soil conservation region of the hilly andsandy area in the west of the western Yanmenguan5) Regions of mild-medium vulnerablility:Ⅳ-1The living environment maintaince and soil conservation region of the Jinzhongbasin and piedmont terrace area in Taiyuan6）Regions of ultra severe vulnerablility:Ⅲ-3The sand interception and reduction, and disaster prevention and mitigation regionof the Loess hilly and gully area in the west of Shanxi更多还原