【作者】 路超；

【导师】 李絮花；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 植物营养学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 本试验以8~11年生富士苹果为试材，采用田间小区试验，以树盘漫灌为对照，研究了贮水渗灌施肥的水肥耦合模式对树体生长发育、果品产量和品质、土壤含水率和氮含量及空间分布、根系生理特性、冠层光环境及叶片光合特性的影响；研究了不同水、氮供应水平对苹果枝叶生长发育及产量和品质的影响；研究了在贮水渗灌施肥条件下，果园覆盖不同有机物料对土壤含水率及根际土壤养分含量、土壤酶活性和微生物特性的影响。主要结果如下：1与树盘漫灌处理相比，渗灌处理减缓了新梢的加长生长，对加粗生长无显著影响；降低了叶面积，提高了比叶重；大幅增加了根径＜2mm根的数量及其在20~40cm土层的分布比例，根系总表面积、根系总长度和根尖数也都有提高；果品产量和单果重有所降低，但果实着色指数、果肉硬度和可溶性固形物含量等关键品质指标均有所提高。埋设4个贮渗罐的渗灌处理，其果品产量和单果重与树盘漫灌处理相比下降不明显，而果肉硬度和可溶性固形物含量却有显著或极显著的增加，结合分析各渗灌处理对苹果树新梢、叶片和根系生长发育的影响，认为在本试验园所处条件下，埋设4个贮渗罐的贮水渗灌方式是较为适宜的肥水管理措施。2渗灌处理和树盘漫灌处理，果园土壤含水率的季节变化趋势一致，均主要受自然降水量和季节分配的影响。果树各生育期，渗灌处理土壤含水率随贮渗罐数量的增加而增加，且埋设3个和4个贮渗罐的渗灌处理的土壤含水率总体上高于树盘漫灌处理；与树盘漫灌处理相比，渗灌处理大幅减少了水分向深层土壤的运移。3与树盘漫灌处理相比，渗灌处理显著减少了土壤全氮、碱解氮和硝态氮在深层土壤中的含量，使其更加集中地分布于苹果根系的集中分布区。随土层深度的增加，渗灌处理和树盘漫灌处理土壤全氮、碱解氮、硝态氮和铵态氮的含量均呈先增加后降低的变化趋势，且均以20~30cm土层含量最高。4在果树不同生育期，与树盘漫灌处理相比，渗灌处理根系IAA含量均不同程度增加，而根系ZR和GA3含量均不同程度降低；埋设1个和2个贮渗罐的渗灌处理根系ABA含量显著或极显著增加，渗透调节物质（可溶性糖、脯氨酸）含量、保护酶（SOD、POD、CAT）活性和MDA含量也都不同程度提高。5与树盘漫灌处理相比，渗灌处理改善了冠层光照条件，叶面积指数有所降低，散射光透光率和直射光透光率均有不同程度提高；渗灌处理叶片净光合速率、羧化效率和蒸腾速率均不同程度降低，细胞间隙CO2浓度有所上升；渗灌处理水分利用效率的变化较复杂，受埋设贮渗罐数量的影响。6随水、氮供应水平的提高，新梢长度、叶面积、产量和单果重均呈逐渐增加的变化趋势；在相同供水条件下，新梢长度、叶面积、产量和单果重均随施氮量的增加而增大，并且水分供应水平越高，增施氮肥促进新梢加长生长、叶面积增大及产量提高的作用越明显。在相同施氮水平下，随水分供应水平的提高，可溶性固形物含量呈逐渐增加的变化趋势；在相同供水条件下，以中氮处理可溶性固形物含量最高。7渗灌条件下果园覆盖有机物料具有明显的保水作用，各时期土壤含水率均表现为泥炭覆盖＞麦秸覆盖＞苹果树枝覆盖＞对照（不覆盖）；覆盖处理和对照土壤含水率呈现相似的季节变化趋势。8渗灌条件下果园覆盖有机物料能增加根际土壤养分含量，其中，泥炭覆盖对增加土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、硝态氮和铵态氮含量的作用最大。9渗灌条件下果园覆盖有机物料能提高根际土壤酶活性，以泥炭覆盖作用最明显，其脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶的活性均显著高于对照。10渗灌条件下果园覆盖显著提高了根际土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌、自生固氮菌、磷细菌、钾细菌、纤维素降解菌和微生物总数量以及根际土壤微生物群落对不同种类碳源的利用能力，并以泥炭覆盖对提高碳源利用能力的效应最明显。覆盖处理土壤微生物群落的Shannon指数、Shannon均匀度指数和Simpson指数均显著高于对照，且均表现为泥炭覆盖＞麦秸覆盖＞苹果树枝覆盖。更多还原

【Abstract】 Taking8to11years old Fuji apple as experimental material, taking flood irrigationaround the tree base as control, a field experiment was conducted to research the effect ofwater storage subsurface irrigation fertilization on tree growth, fruit yield and quality, contentand spatial distribution of soil water and soil N, root physiological characteristics, canopylight environment and photosynthetic characteristics of leaves; The effect of different waterand N supply level on new shoots and leaves growth, fruit yield and quality; The effect oforchard mulching treatments on water conservation, soil nutrients, soil enzyme activity andmicrobial characteristics under water storage subsurface irrigation fertilization. The mainresults were as follows:1Compared with flood irrigation around the tree base, subsurface irrigation treatmentsslowed lengthening growth of new shoots, and had no significant effect on the thickeninggrowth of new shoots; Reduced leaf area, increased specific leaf weight;Substantially increased the number of root diameter less than2mm and distribution ratio in20~40cm soil layer, and also increased root surface area, total root length and number of roottips; Yield and fruit weight decreased, but key quality indicators such as color index, fleshfirmness and soluble solids content had improved. Compared with flood irrigation, fruit yieldand fruit weight of subsurface irrigation treatment buried4storage and infiltration pots had noobvious decline, but flesh firmness and soluble solids content of subsurface irrigationtreatment buried4storage and infiltration pots had significant or extremelysignificant increase. By analyzing the effect of subsurface irrigation treatments on tree growth,fruit yield and quality, we concluded that under the experimental orchard conditions,subsurface irrigation treatment buried4storage and infiltration pots was a more appropriatewater and fertilizer management measure.2Seasonal variation of soil water content under subsurface irrigation and flood irrigationaround the tree base had the same trend, and both were mainly affected by naturalprecipitation and its seasonal distribution. At different growth period of fruit trees, soil watercontent of subsurface irrigation treatments increased with the increase of the number ofstorage and infiltration pot, and soil water content of subsurface irrigation treatment buried3or4storage and infiltration pots was higher than that of flood irrigation around the tree base; Compared with flood irrigation around the tree base, subsurface irrigation treatmentssubstantially reduced the amount of water transporting to the deep soil.3Compared with flood irrigation around the tree base, subsurface irrigation treatmentssignificantly reduced the content of total N, hydrolyzable N and NO3--N in deep soil, andmade them mainly distributed in the concentrated distribution area of roots. With the increaseof soil depth, the content of total N, hydrolyzable N, NO3--N and NH4+-N of subsurfaceirrigation and flood irrigation around the tree base showed a trend of first increase and thendecrease, and all were the highest in20~30cm soil layer.4Compared with flood irrigation around the tree base, content of IAA of subsurfaceirrigation treatments increased in different level at different growth period of fruit trees, butcontent of ZR and GA3decreased in different level; Content of ABA of subsurface irrigationtreatment buried1or2storage and infiltration pots had significant or extremelysignificant increase, and content of soluble sugar, proline and MDA, and activity of SOD,POD and CAT also increased in different level.5Compared with flood irrigation around the tree base, subsurface irrigation treatmentsimproved canopy light conditions, decreased LAI, and increased coefficient for diffuseradiation transmission and coefficient for solar radiation transmission; Pn, CE and Tr ofsubsurface irrigation treatments decreased in different level, but CI increased; Variation ofWUE of subsurface irrigation treatments was complex, affected by the number of storage andinfiltration pots.6With the increase of water and N supply level, length of new shoots, leaf area, yieldand fruit weight showed a trend of gradual increase; Under the same water supply level,length of new shoots, leaf area, yield and fruit weight all increased with the increase of Nsupply level, and the higher level of water supply, the more obvious effect of increasinglength of new shoots, leaf area and yield. Under the same N supply level, soluble solidscontent showed a trend of gradual increase with the increase of water supply level; Under thesame water supply level, soluble solids content of middle N treatment was the highest.7Under subsurface irrigation conditions, orchard mulching treatments were obviouslyeffective on water conservation, and soil water content at different stage was in the followingorder: peat mulching＞wheat straw mulching＞apple branch mulching＞control; Soil watercontent of all the treatments showed a similar seasonal variation trend.8Under subsurface irrigation conditions, orchard mulching treatments increased nutrientcontent in rhizosphere, and peat mulching treatment increased the content of organic matter,total N, available N, NO3--N and NH4+-N most. 9Under subsurface irrigation conditions, orchard mulching treatments increased enzymeactivity in rhizosphere, and peat mulching treatment increased the activity of urease, catalase,saccharase, and phosphatase most.10Under subsurface irrigation conditions, orchard mulching treatments significantlyincreased the quantity of bacteria，fungi, actinomycetes, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphorbacteria, potassium bacteria, cellulose-degrading bacteria and total microbial populations, andalso improved the capacity of rhizosphere microbial community using different types ofcarbon sources, and peat mulching treatment improved the capacity most. Shannon index,Shannon evenness index and Simpson index of orchard mulching treatments weresignificantly higher than control, and were in the following order: peat mulching＞wheatstraw mulching＞apple branch mulching.更多还原