【作者】 厉广辉；

【导师】 万勇善； 刘风珍；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 本试验于2011-2012年在山东农业大学农学实验站及作物生物学国家重点实验室进行。以分属五大植物学类型的12个花生品种为试验材料，在人工控水条件下，于苗期及结荚期给予干旱胁迫及正常灌水对照2个土壤水分处理，苗期处理以盆栽种植方式进行，称重法控水，结荚期处理在池栽条件下进行，测墒补灌法控水，控水期间以电动防雨棚遮雨。研究了花生苗期和结荚期干旱胁迫下不同品种的抗旱性，系统分析了花生根、叶形态及生理生化特性与品种抗旱性的关系，揭示了不同生育时期花生的关键抗旱性状及不同品种抗旱的生理机制差异。并对不同类型的40个花生品种进行了抗旱性及抗旱性状的评价。为大批花生种质的抗旱性状鉴定以及花生抗旱育种、栽培提供试验方法和理论依据。得到的主要结果如下：1不同花生品种的干旱适应性及抗旱性差异以产量抗旱系数评价花生品种的综合抗旱性，苗期和结荚期的抗旱性基本一致，供试的12个品种排序为:如皋西洋生>A596>山花11号>农大818>花育20号>山花9号>海花1号>79266>蓬莱一窝猴>花17>ICG6848>白沙1016。花生品种的抗旱性可分为强、中、弱3级，强抗旱品种为A596、山花11号、如皋西洋生，中度抗旱品种为花育20号、农大818、海花1号、山花9号和79266，弱抗旱品种有ICG6848、白沙1016、花17和蓬莱一窝猴。苗期旱后复水，植株的生长恢复能力与品种的抗旱系数呈极显著相关(P<0.01)，山花11号、如皋西洋生、A596、山花9号、农大818在苗期旱后复水有超补偿生长能力，干旱适应性较强。2不同抗旱性花生品种形态性状及水分平衡抗旱机制花生根系干重、体积及吸收面积随苗期干旱进程表现为先升高后降低的趋势，根冠比呈逐渐增加的趋势，整个干旱过程中，抗旱性越强的花生品种上述根系性状越大。苗期以40%土壤相对含水量持续胁迫14d的单株根系干重、体积、总吸收面积均与品种抗旱性呈极显著相关，它们是花生苗期抗旱的根系吸收机制，正常水分下的性状值也能反映根系性状的抗旱级别。干旱胁迫降低了花生单株叶面积、功能叶面积和气孔导度，增加了比叶重和气孔限制值，以此来降低水分散失，维持植株水分平衡。抗旱性强的品种在对照及干旱胁迫下均具有较高的比叶重和单株叶面积，较小的功能叶面积。海花1号、山花9号、山花11、花育20的根系干重和总吸收面积显著高于其他品种，根系吸收能力较强。农大818的气孔调节能力最强，如皋西洋生和山花11号的比叶重较大，保水性能较好。山花9号和花育20号的单株光合面积显著高于其他品种。3不同花生品种抗旱的生理机制及相关抗旱性状干旱胁迫增加了花生叶片脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白的含量，它们与渗透调节能力呈极显著正相关，苗期的增幅显著大于结荚期增幅，因此苗期的渗透调节能力大于结荚期，且与品种抗旱系数的相关性也较结荚期密切。苗期和结荚期干旱胁迫下，仅叶片脯氨酸含量与品种抗旱性呈极显著正相关。在苗期鉴定花生品种渗透调能力的差异为宜。苗期以40%相对含水量胁迫14d的叶片脯氨酸含量和渗透调节能力与花生品种的抗旱性呈极显著正相关，A596、如皋西洋生、山花11号、农大818的渗透调节能力和脯氨酸含量优于其他品种。叶片光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSII)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)随干旱进程逐渐降低，复水后逐渐增加，抗旱性强的花生品种变幅较小。山花11号、如皋西洋生、A596、山花9号的Pn、Gs、ΦPSII、Fv/Fm、qP在复水5d恢复至对照水平，复水10d超过对照，79266、ICG6848、白沙1016、花17在复水10d仍未达对照水平，干旱及复水过程中强抗旱性品种显著高于弱抗旱性品种(P<0.05)。相关分析表明，苗期干旱胁迫14d和复水5d的Pn、ΦPSII、Fv/Fm、qP与花生品种抗旱性呈极显著正相关，可鉴定花生品种的干旱伤害程度及修复能力。结荚期以50%相对含水量胁迫30d的叶片Pn、Ls、Fv/Fm、qP能代表花生品种光合活性的高低。干旱胁迫过程中，花生叶片相对电导率呈逐渐增加趋势，与品种抗旱性呈极显著负相关。干旱导致结荚期的伤害大于苗期，表现为苗期相对电导率增幅显著低于结荚期增幅，品种间叶片的变异系数也小于结荚期。干旱胁迫下，强抗旱性品种的叶片抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化剂含量均显著高于弱抗旱性品种，膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量显著低于弱抗旱性品种，细胞膜伤害程度较轻。结荚期的抗氧化保护能力及与抗旱系数的相关性显著大于苗期，花生品种叶片抗氧化能力的差异在结荚期鉴定最好。结荚期以50%相对含水量胁迫30d的叶片SOD活性、MDA含量和相对电导率与品种抗旱系数的相关性达极显著水平。A596、如皋西洋生、山花11号、海花1号的SOD活性较高，相对电导率较低。干旱胁迫下，强抗旱性花生品种的根系SOD、POD、CAT等抗氧化酶活性，GSH及ASA等抗氧化剂含量显著高于弱抗旱性品种，MDA含量显著低于弱抗旱性品种。苗期以40%土壤相对含水量持续胁迫14d的根尖SOD活性、MDA含量与品种抗旱性呈极显著相关。A596、如皋西洋生、农大818、山花11号的根系抗氧化能力及膜稳定性较强。4花生品种抗旱鉴定的技术体系及不同品种的抗旱机制评价花生苗期抗旱性鉴定的适宜土壤相对含水量为40%，结荚期抗旱性鉴定的适宜土壤相对含水量为50%，持续胁迫时间分别为14d和30d为宜。山花11号可作为花生强抗旱性鉴定的标准品种，79266可作为弱抗旱性鉴定的标准品种。山花11号亦可作为花生优异抗旱性状鉴定的标准品种。如皋西洋生和山花11号的各抗旱性状值均较高，多种抗旱机制相互协调性最好。A596的主要抗旱机制为较强的渗透调节能力和抗氧化能力。山花9号和花育20的主要抗旱机制为较强的根系吸水能力和较大的光合面积。农大818的主要抗旱机制为较高的叶片保水能力和渗透调节能力。海花1号的主要抗旱机制为较强的根系吸水能力和抗氧化能力。根据抗旱鉴定标准品种，对主推花生品种的抗旱鉴定结果为：筛选出强抗旱品种为0616(E1)、莱宾大豆、濮花28号和山花11号。山花9号、山花12号、鲁花11、冀0212-4、花育25较大的比叶重是它们抗旱的关键性状。山花7号、农大073、濮花28、花育28、莱宾大豆、丰花1号、0616(E1)的渗透调节能力是它们重要的抗旱机制。徐州68-4、山花10号、丰花1号、潍花10号、莱宾大豆的抗旱机制为强抗氧化能力。莱宾大豆、濮花28、0616(E1)、冀0210-4、山花12号、徐州68-4的Fv/Fm和Pn较高是它们抗旱的光合机制。更多还原

【Abstract】 This study was conducted from2011to2012in the agronomy experimental station andState Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.With twelve peanut (Arachis Hypogaea L) cultivars of five botanical types grown underartificial water control at seedling and pod-setting stage, the drought resistance relatedmorphology, physiological and biochemical traits of peanut leaves and roots were studied, torevel key drought resistance traits and the drought resistance mechanism of different peanutcultivars. Two water treatments were designed, that were40%and70%of the soil relativewater content at seedling stage and50%and70%of the soil relative water content of the0~80cm soil layer, respectively, at pod-setting stage. Weighing method andsupplemental irrigation based on testing soil water were adopted at seedling pod planting andpod-setting stage pond culture respectively. Then, identifying the drought resistance and traitsof forty main popularized cultivars of main peanut production area in China. The main resultsshowed that:1Changes of drought resistance and drought adaptability in different peanut cultivarsDrought resistance applied at seedling and pod-setting stage was basically identical.According to yield-drought resistance coefficient, sorting of twelve peanut cultivars was thatRugaoxiyangsheng> A596> Shanhua11> Nongda818> Huayu20> Shanhua9> Haihua1>79266> Penglaiyiwohou> Hua17> ICG6848> Baisha1016, which can be divided into3grads: high-resistance, including A596, Shanhua11and Rugaoxiyangsheng; mid-resistance,which were Huayu20, Nongda818, Haihua1, Shanhua9and79266; weak-resistance, asICG6848, Baisha1016, Hua17and Penglaiyiwohou. Rewatering after drought at seedling, thecapacity of compensatory growth was significant positive correlation with drought resistance (P<0.01), high drought adaptability cultivars were Shanhua11, Rugaoxiyangsheng, A596,Shanhua9, Nongda818, which were over-compensatory growth after rewatering.2Drought resistance mechanism of water balance and morphological traits in differentdrought resistant peanut cultivarsThe trend about dry weight, volume and absorbing area of roots was increased first andthen decreased, and root shoot ratio showed a growing trend with the drought processperformance. There were greater root morphological traits of the peanut cultivars with higherdrought resistance, throughout the course of the drought stress. Applied40%RWC droughtstress at10d-24d after germination, the root weight, volume, total absorption area per plantwere significantly positive correlated with drought resistance，which could identify thedrought resistance ability of peanuts root, it was suitable that identifying them under normalwater. Leaf area per plant, functional leaf area and stomatal conductance(Gs) were reduced,but SLW and Lswas increased under soil drought stress, so that reducing moisture loss andmaintaining moisture balance. The leaf area per plant and SLW of high-resistance cultivarswere significantly greater but functional leaf area were less than weak-resistance cultivarsunder both normal irrigation and drought stress. Haihua1, Shanhua9, Shanhua11and Huayu20presented as larger biomass and strong absorptive capacity, the ability of root waterabsorption was better. SLW of Rugaoxiyangsheng and Shanhua11were larger, stomatalregulation of Nongda818was optimal, which had better water retention. Shanhua9andHuayu20had larger photosynthesis area.3Physiological mechanism and related traits of drought resistance of different peanutcultivarsThe content of proline, soluble sugar, soluble protein were increased under drought stress,the amplification at seedling stage was greater than pod-setting stage, which were significantpositive correlation with osmotic adjustment ability (OA), the OA and its correlationcoefficient with drought resistance of seedling were greater than pod-setting stage. Justproline and drought resistance was significant positive correlation under both seedling andpod-setting stage. It was appropriate that identifying the OA of different peanut cultivars atseedling stage. Applied40%RWC drought stress at10d-24d after germination, The contentof proline and OA significantly positive correlated with drought resistance, A596,Rugaoxiyangsheng, Shanhua11, Nongda818were excellent than others. Photosynthetic rate(Pn), Gs, intercellular CO2concentration(Ci), maximumphotochemical efficiency(Fv/Fm), PSII actual quantum yield(ΦPSII), photochemical quenchingcoefficient(qP) were gradually decreased with the drought process, and that were graduallyincreased after rewatering, amplitudes of high-resistance cultivars were less than that ofweak-resistance. The recovery ability of Pn, Gs, ΦPSII, Fv/Fm, qPof Shanhua11,Rugaoxiyangsheng, A596and Shanhua9were faster than79266, ICG6848, Baisha1016andHua17, the former could recover to normal level in5d after rewatering and were higher thanthe control values in10d after rewatering, but the later could still not reach the normal valuesin10d after rewatering, photosynthetic parameters of the former were always higher than thelatter in the process of drought and rewatering(P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that thedrought resistance significantly positive correlated with Pn, ΦPSII, Fv/Fm, qPin14d afterdrought stress and5d after rewatering, these traits could be used for identifies the damagedegree and repair capacity of peanuts. Pn、Ls、Fv/Fm、qPunder50%RWC drought stresssustained30d at pod-setting stage could stand for photosynthetic activity of peanut cultivars.In the process of drought stress, relative conductivity (RC) of peanut leaves showed atrend of increase gradually, which were very significant negative correlation with droughtresistance. The amplification of RC at seedling significantly less than pod-setting stage, thecoefficient of variation between cultivars was also. Antioxidase activity and antioxidantcontent of high-resistance cultivars leaves were significantly greater than weak-resistance, cellmembrane damage to a lesser degree. The anti-oxidation capability and correlation withdrought resistance of pod-setting stage were greater than seedling stage, it was appropriatethat identifying the anti-oxidation capability of different peanut cultivars at pod-setting stage.By correlation analysis, SOD activity, MDA content and relative conductivity of leaves under50%RWC drought stress sustained30d at pod-setting stage, were showed very significantlycorrelation with drought resistance coefficient. Under drought stress, antioxidase activity suchas SOD、POD、CAT and antioxidant content such as GSH and ASA of high-resistancecultivars were significantly greater than weak-resistance, but the content of MDA weresignificantly less than weak-resistance. Applied40%RWC drought stress at10d-24d aftergermination, the root SOD activities and MDA content were very significantly correlated withdrought resistance. Antioxidant ability and membrane stability of A596, Rugaoxiyangsheng, Shanhua11were preferable.4Technology system about identification of drought resistance and evalution of droughtresistance mechanism in different peanut cultivarsThe suitable relative soil water content of40%to identify drought resistance of peanutsat seedling stage, of50%to identify drought resistance of peanut at pod-setting stage, it wasappropriate to sustain stress14and30days respectively. Shanhua11and79266canrespectively serve as standard cultivar of high drought resistance and weaker droughtresistance identification. Shanhua11can serve as standard cultivar of drought resistance traitsidentification in peanut. The drought resistance mechanism of Shanhua11andRugaoxiyangsheng were excellent mutual compatibility. The main drought resistancemechanism of A596was the strong ability of OA and antioxidant capacity, of Shanhua9andHuayu20were better root water absorbing capacity, of Nongda818was higher leaf waterretention and osmotic regulation ability, of Haihua1was outstanding root water absorbingand ntioxidant capacity.According to the standard cultivar of drought resistance, in the40main cultivars, thehigh-resistance cultivars including0616(E1), Puhua28, Laibindadou and Shanhua11. Thekey drought resistance mechanism for higher SLW including Shanhua9, Shanhua12, Luhua11, Ji0212-4, Huayu25, for stronger OA including Shanhua7, Nongda073, Puhua28,Laibindadou, Fenghua1,0616(E1), for excellent resistance to oxidation including Xuzhou68-4, Shanhua10, Fenghua1,Weihua10, Laibindadou, for higher photosynthetic activityincluding Puhua28, Laibindadou,0616(E1), Shanhua12, Ji0212-4, Xuzhou68-4.更多还原