当代中国民间道德力量研究

【作者】 王霞；

【导师】 孙迎光；

【作者基本信息】 南京师范大学 ， 思想政治教育， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 自下而上的民间道德力量的养成与发展,是当代中国道德建设中一个重要而现实的课题。道德力量按其来源可分为官方道德力量和民间道德力量,官方道德力量通过国家的道德干预来完成；民间道德力量是人民群众中的、非官方的道德意识、道德规范和道德实践产生的作用与效力,它既有对孝老爱亲、诚实守信等传统美德的践行,又有现代公民对公共生活的主体积极参与。民间道德力量的主体是基层普通百姓,具体包括民间道德个体、民间公益组织与临时性公民群体。人道、人性、人伦与人情是民间道德力量的道德基础,自发性、及时性、朴素性和纯粹性是其特性表现。官方道德力量和民间道德力量共同构成道德建设的两个维度。道德建设是官方和民间的共同责任,官方道德力量需要民间道德力量的积极回应以取得共鸣,民间道德力量要有官方道德力量的有效引导以避免放任自流。以往道德建设中官方色彩比较浓厚,民间道德力量受到的重视程度不够,影响了道德建设的实效性。人民群众的历史地位、国家道德干预的有限性和道德整合的特点都决定了民间道德力量建设的必要性,道德建设不能只是自上而下的官方“独白”,民意基础十分重要,发挥民间道德力量作用是社会主义道德建设的必然趋势。民间道德力量在当代中国的成长有其物质动因、精神动因和社会动因。市场经济发展带来的民间财富积累及公民物质生活水平的改善、迅捷发展的大众传媒为其成长提供了物质动因；深厚的中国传统文化积淀、公民社会进程中民间主体意识的觉醒、具有人文关怀的现代公益慈善理念是其成长的主要精神动因；社会动因则主要基于转型期公民社会开始发育的背景,社会宽容渐次增加、国家道德控制的弱化和公共领域的拓展为民间活力焕发创造了机遇。从实践看,民间道德力量的善心善行,以公民行动为主要表达途径,从个体、社会和国家三个层面影响着当代中国的道德建设。不过,民间道德力量在当代中国的成长并不充分,从整体看还比较弱小,成长还不够稳定。其成长过程中受到重“私德”轻“公德”的观念、现代犬儒主义冷漠态度、有限的制度空间和潜规则、隐权力盛行的社会环境等因素制约。民间道德力量未来的培育,关键是培育位于其中的主体,从传统德育到公民教育是民间道德力量主体培育的重要途径。现阶段德育实效性低的背后是国家功利主义的惯性思维。衡量一个时代的德育教育是否自由、公正、平等的重要标准是这个时代能否培养出千姿百态而又有一定价值共识的优质公民。公民教育应当以理想型公民的培养作为参照,以平等、开放、宽容为原则,激发公民情怀,教导公民知识,化育公民意识,培养公民行动能力。民间道德力量的未来发展取决于官方与民间共同的努力。“善治”视域下官方道德力量的应然角色是先导、倡导、领导,而民间也应当在个体和组织两个不同角色上对自身发展作出回应。民间道德力量在当今中国的发展,并不能够独立而行,政府的“合理化”推手必不可少。应当通过完善社会主义市场经济体制、实现藏富于民,建立民间道德力量发展的经济基础；通过规范和限制公共权力、扩大公民有序政治参与,奠定民间道德力量发展的政治基础；通过构筑责任媒体、营造公民舆论氛围,建设民间道德力量发展的舆论环境,形成推动民间道德力量发展的外部合力。总之,其逻辑进路是：以公民教育提升民间道德主体,以自发到自觉的公民行动扩大民间的道德影响力,以民间道德力量与官方道德力量的上下互动推动公民道德发展和道德治理,进而推动整个社会的经济伦理与政治伦理进步,并且,在这样的良性互动中成就民间道德力量自身发展的基础和条件。这也是民间道德力量从自发逐渐走向主体自觉的过程。更多还原

【Abstract】 The cultivation and development of a bottom-up folk moral force is an important and realistic issue of moral construction in contemporary China. From its source, moral strength can be classified into the official and the folk moral force, and the former is completed by the moral intervention of the state; the latter comes form the masses and is the function and potency of non-official moral consciousness, ethnics and moral practices, and is the impact on the individual or society from the non-official free will of the masses. The folk moral force not only includes the practice of traditional virtues of filial love for the old and beloved, being honest and faithful, etc. but also the modern citizens’ active participation in public life. The main body of folk moral force are ordinary people, including folk moral individual, non-profit organization and temporary citizen groups. Humanity, human nature, human relations and human sympathy are the foundation of folk moral force, with the characteristics of spontaneity, timeliness, simplicity and purity.Official moral force and folk moral force together constitute the two dimensions of moral construction. Moral development is a shared responsibility of the government and civil society. Official moral force needs active response from folk moral force to achieve resonance, and folk moral force demands effective guidance from official moral force to avoid being left drift. In previous moral construction, official force is relatively strong, while attention paid to folk moral force is less, thus affecting the effectiveness of moral construction. People’s historical status, limits of state moral intervention, and moral integration all determine the necessity of folk moral force construction. It is not just an officially top-down "monologue" while public opinion is very important. Making folk moral force work is the inevitable trend of socialist moral construction. Folk moral force’s growth in contemporary China has its material, mental and social motivation. Accumulation of private wealth, improved living standards of citizens and rapid development of mass media brought by the development of market economy provided the material motivation for the growth; profound traditional Chinese cultural heritage, awakening of civil subject consciousness during civil society process, and the modern concept of charity with humane care is the main spirit motivation; Social motivation is mainly based on the beginning of the development of civil society in transition as social tolerance gradually increases, state morality control weakens and the public sector is expanded to create opportunities for the rejuvenation of civil society. From a practical perspective, charity deeds of folk moral force take civil actions as the main means of expression, affecting moral construction in contemporary China from the individual, community and national levels. However, the growth of folk moral force in contemporary China is not sufficient, still relatively weak on the whole, and not stable enough. Growth process constraints are:concept of "private morality" over "public morality", modern cynicism indifference, limited institutional space and unspoken rules as well as the prevalence of hidden powers.To foster folk moral force in the future, the focus is the cultivation of its main body. The transition from traditional moral education to civil education is an important way. Effectiveness of moral education stage low inertia of thinking behind the national utilitarianism. The low effectiveness of current moral education attributes to the inertial thinking of the national utilitarianism. Free, just and equal moral education of an era is measured by whether good citizens can be cultivated, who have common values in different poses. Citizen education should refer to the cultivation of the ideal citizen with the principles of equality, openness, and tolerance as to inspire feelings, teach knowledge, cultivate awareness, and train capacity for action.Future development of folk moral force depends on the joint efforts of government and civil society. Under the horizon of "good governance", official moral force’s role is to guide, advocate, and lead, while civil society should also respond to their own development as individuals and organizations. The development of folk moral force in today’s China can not be isolated and the government’s "rational" pushing hand is indispensable. Future development of folk moral force needs:the economic base-improving the socialist market economic system and achieving wealth with the people; political base-standardizing and limiting the public power, expanding citizens’ orderly political participation; public opinion environment--building responsibility media and creating civil opinion atmosphere to form the external force for the development of folk moral force. In a word, the logical approach of its development is:enhance the moral subjects by civil education; expand its moral influence by spontaneous to conscious citizen action; by the interaction folk and official moral force, promote civil moral development and moral governance, and then the economic and political ethics of the entire society. And in such a benign interaction the basis and conditions for the development of folk moral force can be achieved. Still this is the process of folk moral force going gradually to subject consciousness.更多还原