政治精英培养与政党能力建设

【作者】 王伟；

【导师】 刘春；

【作者基本信息】 中共中央党校 ， 政治学理论， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 中国共产党的历史也是政治精英培训的制度史。中共通过有计划的培养政治精英，提升了政党的整体素质，加强了政党的能力建设。在中共革命、建设和改革的过程中，也逐步探索、构建并完善了政治精英培训制度。制度的物质载体是进行政治精英培训的场域基地，主要是党校和干部院校；理论载体是培训的课程和内容体系；功能是塑造与政党要求相一致的新型政治精英，从而提升政党素质，推动政党发展。在中共发展的九十多年里，制度根据政党的目标和战略，主要培养了两类政治精英：革命精英和执政精英。这些精英也都成为了中共革命和执政的中坚力量，由此也证明了制度的有效性。政治精英培训制度的变迁与中共的发展呈现出同步性的特征，是中共发展的缩影。在建国之前，制度开始初步探索，并逐步建立完善，其目标指向于培养适应战争环境的优秀革命精英，制度的物质载体不断完善，理论载体在经历了教条主义的危害后实现了本土化的创新，即产生了毛泽东思想。从建国至“文革”结束，制度实现了演进发展，但最终走向分化和断裂，其目标指向于培养革命后执政精英，但是由于受内外部环境的综合影响，制度的理论载体演变为新的教条主义，最终制度走向崩溃。改革开放以后，中共开启了社会主义现代化建设的新征程，制度得以恢复，并实现了变迁和发展。在这一时期，制度致力于培养符合改革需要的新型执政精英，并在制度的物质载体和理论载体上实现了创新。在物质载体上，构建了中国特色的政治精英培训基地体系，并将制度的边界延伸到了国外，派遣政治精英到海外受训或调研考察；在理论载体上，构建了意识形态导向和实用主义导向两个维度的培训内容体系，其中意识形态方面，产生了中国特色社会主义理论体系为主要内容的新意识形态思想，现实主义导向的课程内容则更加丰富。制度的功能在于再生产出符合政党要求的新型政治精英。一方面，提升政党的学习能力，使政党能够具备应对复杂局面的能力；另一方面，实现对政治精英的整合，主要在意识形态教育和党性锻炼两个方面，强化政治精英对政党的认同感和忠诚度。当然，制度在实际运行中也存在一些问题，主要是意识形态教育与高素质执政精英培养的张力、党性锻炼与个人利益的张力、政治逻辑与市场侵袭的张力。解决这些矛盾和问题的关键在于加强政党的意识形态话语权，让政党牢牢掌握文化领导权。本论文的结构如下：第一章，导论。主要介绍问题的提出和选题意义、进行国内外相关文献的综述、介绍本论文的研究方法和分析思路，界定论文使用的关键概念、提出论文可能的创新点。第二章，讨论政治精英培训与现代政党建设。从现代政党的起源与发展谈起，论述政治精英培养对现代政党建设的重要意义。本章比较了西方资产阶级政党和社会民主党的政治精英培养模式，资产阶级政党主要是培养选举导向型的政治精英，而社会民主党的政治精英培养模式则经历了较大的变化。本章重点论述了共产主义政党的特征和政治精英培养模式。共产主义政党具有强调意识形态、组织结构严密和处于非竞争性政党体制之中的特点，因此政治精英的培养模式也显著区别与资产阶级政党和社会民主党。第三章，讨论建国前党的干部培训制度的探索。将建党至建国分为四个历史时期，即建党初期和大革命时期、土地革命时期、抗日战争时期以及解放战争时期，分别讨论这几个时期政治精英培训制度所处的环境、制度的具体安排、制度的绩效和影响制度变迁的变量。第四章，讨论建国至改革开放前党的干部培训制度的演进。在新中国成立之初，中共领导人民恢复生产秩序，开展三大改造，社会主义建设蓬勃开展，政治精英培训制度也实现了制度演进，构建了较为科学的物质载体和理论载体体系。但是在1957年之后，国内政治运动不断，制度缺乏继续演进和变迁的土壤，相继出现了分化和断裂。第五章，讨论改革开放以来党的干部培训制度变迁。在这一时期，中共实现了政治路线的转变，将工作的重心转移到了经济建设上来，因此也需要培养大量适应改革需要的新型执政精英。在这一阶段，中共实现了政治精英培训物质载体的完善和理论载体的持续更新，促进了制度的变迁。第六章，讨论制度的特征、功能和问题。制度呈现出与中共同步性变迁的特征，主要是由政党组织结构和意识形态两方面共同作用的结果。制度的功能主要是增强政党的学习能力和实现对政治精英的整合。制度存在的问题表现在意识形态教育与高素质执政精英培养的张力、党性锻炼与世俗利益的张力、政治属性与市场侵袭的张力。在本文的结论部分，总结了政治精英培训制度在提升中共政党能力建设方面的重要意义，认为制度是中共实现政治精英培养、加强政党能力建设的一项基本的政党内部制度安排。本文还认为，制度与中共具有同步性变迁的特征，其变迁受到内部冲突、外部压力、新观念输入、政治精英推动这些基本变量的影响。要解决制度存在的内在张力，就必须加强意识形态的话语权，实现意识形态的持续更新。更多还原

【Abstract】 The history of the Communist Party of China is also a history of political elitetraining system. The CPC improve the whole quality of the Party and strength thecapability construction of the Party by using the cultivation of the political elite. In theprocess of revolution, construction and reform, the CPC gradually explore, build andperfect the system of the political elite training. Material carrier of the system is thebase of training political elite, which is mainly the party school and cadres of collegesand universities. The carrier of theory is training courses and contents of the system.Their function is to train new political elite consistent with the Party requirements, thusto enhance the quality of the Party, and promote the development of the Party. In ninetyyears of CPC’s development, according to the Party’s goals and strategies, the systemmainly developed two types of political elites: revolutionary elite and ruling elite.These elite have become the backbone of the Chinese communist revolution and theruling, which proved the effectiveness of the system.The changes of the political elite training system and the development of the CPCshow the characteristics of synchronicity, which is the epitome of the development.Before the founding of the PRC, the system was to start preliminary exploration,gradually established and perfected. Its target was cultivating outstanding revolutionaryelite to adapt to the war environment. The material carrier of the system constantlyimproves and the carrier of theory realized the localization of innovation after thedangers of dogmatism, which is the MAO Zedong thought. From the founding of thePRC to the end of the “cultural revolution”, the system implemented the developmentevolution, but in the end it became differentiation and fracture. The goal is to cultivatethe ruling elite after revolution, but due to the effect of internal and externalenvironment of comprehensive, the system carrier of theory evolved into the newdogmatism, and eventually it collapsed. After the reform and opening up, the CPCopened a new road to socialist modernization, the system was restored, and realized thechange and development. During this period, the system was dedicated to training newruling elite meeting the needs of the reform, and achieved innovation in the carrier oftheory and material. On the material carrier, the CPC construct the Chinesecharacteristic system of political elite training base, and the system boundary extends to abroad, and the CPC sends the political elite to overseas for training or investigations.On the theory carrier, the CPC build two dimensions of training content system whichare the guiding ideology and pragmatism orientation. In the dimension of ideology, theCPC make theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics as the main content of thenew ideological thoughts; in the dimension of realistic guidance, the curriculum contentis richer.The function of the system is to produce new political elite conformed to therequirements of the Party. On the one hand, the promotion party’s ability to learn canmake the party to be able to have the ability to deal with complicated situation; On theother hand, the integration of the political elite can strengthen the sense of identity andloyalty of the political elite to the Party in two aspects of ideological education and theparty spirit exercise. Of course, there are some problems in actual operation of thesystem, which are tensions between the ideological education and high quality of theruling elite training, between the party spirit exercise and personal interests, betweenpolitical logic and market hit. The key to solve these contradictions and problems lies instrengthening the party’s ideological discourse and making party firmly grasp thecultural leadership.The structure of this paper as follows:The first chapter is introduction. We mainly introduces the research question andthe selected topic significance, the related literature review at home and abroad,research and analysis methods, the key concept, and possible innovations in thischapter.The second chapter is the discussion of the modern political elite training andparty construction. From the origin and development of modern political party, wediscuss the significance of political elite training to the modern party construction. Wecompares political elite cultivation model between the western bourgeois politicalParties and Social Democrats. The former mainly cultivate the election-orientedpolitical elite, while the cultivation model of the latter has experienced great changes.This chapter mainly discusses the features and political elite cultivation model of theCommunist Party. The emphases on ideology, organization structure closely and in anon-competitive party system are the characteristics of Communist Party, so trainingmode of political elite is also a significant difference with the bourgeois political Partiesand Social Democrats. The third chapter is discussion of the exploration of the Party’s cadres trainingsystem before the founding of the PRC. We divide this period into four historicalperiods: the early period of founding and revolution, the agrarian revolution period,Anti-Japanese War period, and liberation war period. We respectively discuss politicalelite training system’s environment, the specific arrangement of system, systemperformance and variables affecting institutional changes of that periods.The fourth chapter is discussion of the evolution of the Party’s cadres trainingsystem from the founding of the PRC to reform and opening up. In the beginning of thefounding of new China, the CPC leads the people to resume production order and carryout the three big transformations. The socialist construction vigorous developed andpolitical elite training system also implemented the system evolution, so the CPC builtmore scientific the carrier of material and theoretical system. But after1957, along withthe domestic political movement, the system of training elite subsequently divided andfracture because of lacking the soil of continued evolution and change.The fifth chapter is discussion of the Party’s cadres training system vicissitudesince reform and opening up. During this period, the CPC realized the change of thepolitical line, shifted the focus of work into the economic construction, so also neededto cultivate a large number of new ruling elite to satisfy the needs of the reform. At thisstage, the CPC has realized the improvement of the political elite training materialcarrier and continuously updated the theory, thus promoted the change of system.The sixth chapter is characteristics, function and problems of the system. Systemshows the characteristics of synchronicity with the CPC change which are thecombination results by two aspects of party organization and ideological. The functionof the system is mainly to enhance Party’s ability to learn and achieve integration of thepolitical elite. There are some problems in actual operation of the system, which aretensions between the ideological education and high quality of the ruling elite training,between the party spirit exercise and personal interests, between political logic andmarket hit.We summarize the significance of political elite training system in the aspect ofimproving the capacity of the CPC party construction in the conclusion part of thisarticle. We think system of the CPC’s political elite training and the construction of theparty ability are basic party internal institutional arrangements. We also think thesystem has the characteristics of synchronicity with the CPC; the change is affected by basic variables of internal conflict, the external pressure, the new concept of input, andthe influence of the political elite. It is necessary to strengthen the ideological discourseand realize the ideological continuously updated to solve the tension within the system.更多还原