马克思主义大众化的思想政治工作路径研究

【作者】 卜叶蕾；

【导师】 戴焰军；

【作者基本信息】 中共中央党校 ， 思想政治教育， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 2007年党在十七大报告中正式提出了马克思主义大众化的命题。马克思主义大众化不仅是一个理论问题，更是一个实践课题。本文从实践马克思主义大众化的角度出发，明确提出马克思主义大众化和思想政治工作的使命—路径关系，探索优化思想政治工作，推进马克思主义大众化的实践路径。马克思主义大众化的形成过程始于革命时期的文学大众化、哲学大众化，在现代得以发展完善。从其构成因素分析，马克思主义大众化的内涵实质可以归纳为：中国共产党自成立以来，经过长期不懈的努力，将马克思主义的理论成果转化为人民群众的思想信念和实践指南，并从群众实践中不断总结经验创新马克思主义的过程。但是，马克思主义大众化在改革开放新时期的继续推进中遇到了现实困境。世界社会主义遭遇严重挫折，社会转型期多种社会矛盾集中凸显，价值观念日趋多元化，多种社会思潮竞相发声，传统灌输面临认同危机，这些现实问题严重动摇了群众对马克思主义的认同和信仰。要走出新时期的现实困境，马克思主义大众化需要探寻一条适合的实践路径。马克思主义大众化是思想政治工作的理论目标，思想政治工作是马克思主义大众化的实践形态。马克思主义大众化和思想政治工作具有使命—路径关系。思想政治工作与马克思主义大众化因为主客体的一致性、目标过程的同向性和方针原则的共通性有着高度的契合；思想政治工作在内容体系、方法体系和队伍建设上已经具备良好的工作基础。这是思想政治工作成为实践马克思主义大众化的路径选择的依据。党的思想政治工作推进马克思主义大众化积累了丰富的历史经验。革命时期，思想政治工作坚持覆盖广泛的社会群体，扩大马克思主义大众化的受众范围；纠正错误的思想倾向，保证马克思主义大众化的正确方向；坚持党内党外教育并重，开辟马克思主义大众化的主要渠道；坚守马克思主义舆论阵地，构建马克思主义大众化的传播体系；扎根民生与实际，激活马克思主义大众化的内在动力。在建设时期，思想政治工作坚持学习宣传中国化的马克思主义，体现马克思主义大众化的民族特色；树立学习先进典型，彰显马克思主义大众化的实践特色；围绕党的中心工作展开，搭建马克思主义大众化的现实平台。但是由于“文化大革命”的影响，思想政治工作推进马克思主义大众化的进程遭遇挫折，致使一段时期内马克思主义大众化呈现盲目化和庸俗化的趋向。在改革开放新时期，思想政治工作宣传马克思主义中国化的最新成果，展现马克思主义大众化的时代特色；紧密结合党的建设新的伟大工程，抓住马克思主义大众化的重点对象；利用现代媒体与信息技术，提高马克思主义大众化的传播效果。这些经验和教训，为今后改进思想政治工作，优化思想政治工作路径提供了宝贵的资料。但是，当前的思想政治工作在许多方面还存在问题，不符合马克思主义大众化的要求。这些问题主要包括，从大众化的对象看，思想政治工作没有充分发挥群众的主体性；从大众化的内容看，思想政治工作没有普及整体性的马克思主义；从大众化的过程看，思想政治工作缺乏引导发展的主动性；从大众化的方法看，思想政治工作尚未满足多样化需求；从大众化的效果看，思想政治工作缺乏大众化实效测评标准。深入分析产生这些问题原因，主要存在三个方面：思想政治工作缺乏马克思主义大众化的使命定位，缺乏马克思主义大众化的制度支撑，缺乏马克思主义大众化的专业队伍。梳理这些问题，深入查找原因，为今后优化思想政治工作路径提供了参考和依据。根据马克思主义大众化使命的要求，优化思想政治工作路径需要坚持“四个相结合”的原则，即理论与实际相结合、科学性和普及性相结合、主导性和多样性相结合、教育和自我教育相结合。在这些原则的指导下，思想政治工作应从四个方面入手制定优化方案。思想政治工作应把握对象分层特点，巩固马克思主义大众化的群众基础；应扎根传统文化土壤，寻找马克思主义大众化的文化支撑；应运用现代传播科学，搭建马克思主义大众化的传播平台；应结合社会管理创新，用好马克思主义大众化的现实载体。要执行思想政治工作路径的优化方案，需要相应的机制保障。为了更好的落实思想政治工作路径优化方案，应完善思想政治工作的制度建设，确立马克思主义大众化的工作使命；完善思想政治工作组织建设，明确马克思主义大众化的权责归属；完善思想政治工作队伍建设，形成马克思主义大众化的工作能力。总之，本文通过归纳马克思主义大众化的内涵实质，为整个研究定下理论基调；通过分析马克思主义大众化和思想政治工作的关系定位，得出二者的使命—路径关系；通过历史地考察思想政治工作推进马克思主义大众化的经验教训，现实地分析当前思想政治工作推进马克思主义大众化的现存问题和原因，找出了优化思想政治工作路径的努力方向；通过构建优化原则，设计优化方案，建立优化机制，为思想政治工作更好地完成马克思主义大众化使命规划了实践路径。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Party’s Seventeenth Congress Report in2007formally put forward MarxismPopularization. It is a key subject concerning both theory and practice. In terms of theMarxism Popularization practice, this paper aims at discussing the relationshipbetween mission and route, continuing to explore the ideological and political work,as well as advancing the implementation paths of Marxism Popularization.Popularization of Marxism was initiated from literature popularization andphilosophy popularization in revolutionary times, and was then developed in modernage. By analyzing constructive factors, the essence of Marxism Popularization can beconcluded as follows: ever since the establishment, the Communist Party of China hasbeen devoted to converting the basic principle of Marxism to Chinese people’s beliefsand practice guideline and helping people learn experience from practice in order todevelop Marxism. However, there exist realistic difficulties in the process ofcontinuous promotion in the new period of reform and opening-up. For example, theserious setbacks suffered by world socialism, the highlight of social contractions inthe period of social transformation, the increasing diversification of values, theemergence of various social ethos, as well as the identity crisis faced by traditionalinoculation. All of these have greatly wavered people’s identities and beliefs inMarxism.To overcome realistic difficulties in the new period, finding an appropriaterealization route of the Marxism Popularization becomes a must. MarxismPopularization is the theoretical aim of ideological and political work, which ismeanwhile the practical existence of Marxism Popularization. Therefore MarxismPopularization to ideological and political work is what mission to route. Because ofthe consistency of objective and subjective bodies, same tropism of target process,and the commonality of policies and principles, ideological and political work andMarxism Popularization are highly-matched; ideological and political work hasalready had a good working basis on content system, method system and teamconstruction. These two points are the reasons why ideological and political workcould be the implementation path of Marxism Popularization.In the party’s long history, the ideological and political work had made greatcontribution to promote Marxism Popularization. During the period of revolution, the ideological and political work has covered extensive social groups and expanded thescope of Marxism Popularization; also, the Party has corrected wrongthought-inclination, insisted on paying equal attention to inner-party and nonpartyeducation so as to blaze a main way to popularize Marxism. What’s more, it has stuckto public opinion positions for Marxism, established a communication system forMarxism Popularization and taken root in people’s livelihood and reality andactivated its internal motivation. During the period of construction, the ideologicaland political work was focused on publicizing Marxism with Chinese characteristicsand reflecting its national features. It has set up advanced models in order todemonstrate its practical features. Moreover, the ideological and political work has setup a realistic platform centering around the Party’s central task. However, influencedby the Great Cultural Revolution, the ideological and political work had suffered greatsetbacks, resulting to the blindness and vulgarization of Marxism Popularization. Inthe new period of reform and opening-up, the ideological and political work has beendevoted to publicizing the latest results of Marxism to show its times characteristicsand integrating closely with the new great project of Party Building, concentrating oncrucial points as well as taking advantage of the modern media and informationtechnology to improve the transmission effects. All of these experiences and lessonshave provided precious data for the improvement of the ideological and political workand optimization of its route.But there exist problems in our present ideological and political work, whichcannot meet the requirement of the Marxism Popularization, including lacking in fullplay to the subjectivity of the masses from the object of popularization, not havingpopularized the integrity of Marxism from the content of popularization, and beingshort of the initiative of guiding and developing from the process of popularization.Also, from the method of popularization, the ideological and political work has notsatisfied the requirement of diversification and from the effect of popularization, itlacks the standard of popular implementation evaluation. By deeply analyzing thecause of such problems, several factors can be found as follows: First, the ideologicaland political work lacks the mission location of the Marxism Popularization. Second,it lacks the system support of the Marxism Popularization. Third, it lacks theprofessional group of the popularization of Marxism. We ought to analyze theseproblems and search for the causes, providing the reference and basis for optimizing the means of the later ideological and political work.As required by the mission of Marxism Popularization,“Four Combinations”Principles should be insisted to optimize the means of the ideological and politicalwork. That is, the combination of theory and practice, the combination of science andpopularity, the combination of dominance and diversity, the combination of educationand self-education. Under the guidance of the above principles, the optimizationprograms of the ideological and political work ought to be formulated from followingfour aspects. Firstly, grasping the characteristics of object hierarchy and consolidatethe basis of mass Marxism Popularization. Secondly, rooting in the soil of traditionalculture and searching for the cultural support of Marxism Popularization. Thirdly,using modern communication science and building a platform for the dissemination ofMarxism Popularization. Fourthly, combining social management innovative and fullyapplying realistic vector of the Marxism Popularization. What’s more, to perform theoptimization scheme of the ideological and political work, appropriate protectionmechanisms are also needed. In order to better implement the optimization programof the ideological and political work route, we should not only improve the system ofideological and political work and establish the mission, but consummate theorganizational construction of the ideological and political work and clearlyownership of power and responsibility of the Marxism Popularization. Moreover,improving the group construction of the ideological and political work, as well asforming the work ability to the Marxism Popularization are also necessary.In conclusion, this paper sets the theoretical tone for the entire research bysummarizing the connotation essence of Marxism Popularization. It clearly definesthe mission-path relationship after analyzing the interactions between MarxismPopularization and ideological and political work. Also, the paper has explored a pathto optimize the direction of current ideological and political work by giving realisticanalysis of the current existing problems in promoting the Marxism Popularization.What’s more, by establishing optimization principles, designing optimization schemeas well as building optimization mechanism, the mission to complete the MarxismPopularization by the ideological and political work can be realized in a practicalpath.更多还原