公民正义品质培养机制研究

【作者】 刘晓璐；

【导师】 靳凤林；

【作者基本信息】 中共中央党校 ， 伦理学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 正义作为现代社会的一项重要价值，不仅是社会制度的首要德性，而且是公民的底线美德。研究公民正义品质的培养机制不仅有着重要的理论价值，如它有助于深化个体道德理论、丰富正义美德理论，更重要的是，它还有着重要的现实意义，既有助于匡正道德教育的偏颇，弥补制度正义的不足，并促进良序社会的稳定与持久。什么是正义？在中西方历史上，不同思想家对正义的理解是不同的。以儒、释、道为代表的中国传统伦理多从社会人伦的角度理解正义，将正义视作一种建立在仁爱基础上的个体明辨是非的美德。而西方学者多从社会价值的层面解释正义，他们将自由、平等、安全与公共福利视作正义的基本价值。尽管不同思想家由于立场和研究视角的不同对正义有着不同的理解，但他们都意识到正义既是一种规则，更是一种美德。正义要求个人所尽的义务与其享有的权利是对等的。公民正义品质的人性论基础是什么？该问题的解答关涉到正义品质究竟能不能培养的问题，是研究公民正义品质培养机制之前必须要面对的问题。概言之，人的自然属性是公民正义品质产生的人性根源，人的社会属性是决定公民获得正义品质的关键因素，人的精神属性使得正义品质成为根植于人内心的一种价值追求，实现了正义追求的理想性与正义实践的现实性的统一，因故，包括自然属性、社会属性、精神属性在内的人自身使得正义品质成为人之为人的本质所在。可见，正义不仅是根植于人性中的，更重要的是，它通过个体的社会化过程实现了人对自身的超越，正义不仅是一种底线的道德，更是一种超越性道德。由于正义品质根植于人性当中，因此，公民正义品质的养成有其内在的自我生成机制。但正义要想实现对人性的超越，它必离不开个人的社会化实践活动，这就使得外在教育和制度正义的构建显得尤为重要。从个体道德发展的一般过程来看，公民正义品质的自我发展依次经历了由简单地根据快乐和痛苦来规导行为，即儿童期的自然正义阶段；到根据社会环境的规定指导自己的行为，即青少年期的社会正义阶段；再发展到更高水平地依照自己的良心指导行为的精神正义阶段。具体说来，儿童是通过感性认知正义的，建立在自然需要满足基础上形成的自然正义观，但由于缺乏理性认知与道德理解，因此，儿童的正义感体验形式以情境-直觉体验为主，正义意志具有自发性、强制性与短暂性特点，而缺乏自觉性和自主性，儿童通过绝对服从权威以及抵罪式惩罚的方式进行正义实践活动。处于理性认知正义阶段的青少年，他们基于社会需要的满足形成了建立在平等与互惠原则基础上的社会正义观，内疚与义愤是其正义感的主要表现。与儿童的正义意志相比，青少年的正义意志具有自觉性、自制性和现实性特征，他们会遵从社会公共规范进行正义实践活动。成人是公民正义品质发展的最高阶段，他们已能辩证全面地认知并理解正义，他们依据人权与良心进行正义判断，形成了以公道为核心的正义观念。此刻，正义原则已内化为个体道德的一部分，成人的正义感是建立在个体正义信念基础上形成的一种稳固的道德情感，正义意志具有普遍性、真实性和自由性特征，决定了个体正义行为的持久性与稳定性。换言之，公民正义品质的内在生成过程是一个由关怀自我到他人，再上升至对自我和他人都予以适当关注的发展过程，在此过程中，正义的社会规范会逐步内化为个体自身的价值观与责任感，以指导个体进行正确的道德判断与正义的实践。就公民正义品质外在培养机制而言，公民教育是核心，经济分配正义是关键，政治正义是保障。具体说来，以公民正义美德教育为主要内容的公民教育制度是培养公民正义品质的主渠道和主阵地，经济的分配正义对公民正义品质的实践活动起着示范与导向作用，政治领域的司法正义制度通过强制性措施规约与保障着公民正义行为实践活动。尤其是，在政治民主化、经济全球化、文化多元化的今天，公民的正义认知与情感易受到多元利益格局与多元文化价值观的影响和制约，正义的意志与信念日益变得不那么牢固，道德自觉性下降，因此，在加强公民正义品质培养教育的同时，更应该重视与正义思想理论灌输相适应的社会政治、经济制度正义建设，主要是政治领域的司法正义制度和经济领域的分配正义制度，而此两者通过对公民权利义务的合理分配不仅影响着公民的正义认知和情感，在某种意义上，它们还影响着公民正义行为习惯的养成。总之，公民正义品质的培养既需要微观的公民教育活动做基础，更需要政治、经济制度的正义作为外在环境保障。更多还原

【Abstract】 As an important value in modern society, justice is not only the primary virtue ofthe social system, but also is the baseline virtue of the citizens. It has importanttheoretic value to study citizens’ justice character, which is helpful of promotingvirtue theory and enrich justice and virtue theory. Moreover, it has important meaningfor reality in rectifying the deviation of virtue education, making up for the deficiencyof the institutional justice and promoting the stability and duration of a good—orderedsociety.What’s the justice? Different thinkers share different views towards justiceduring the east and west history, Chinese traditional ethics represented byConfucianism, Buddhism and Taoism explain justice mostly from the perspective ofsocial human relations, which regard justice as virtue built on humanity and love andindividual can make a clear distinction between right and wrong. However, westernscholars who regard freedom, equality, safety and common welfare as fundamentalvalue of justice and interpret justice mostly from social value. Though differentthinkers hold different views towards justice result from different standpoints andstudying perspective, they all realize that justice is not only a kind of rules, but avirtue. Justice requires that duties taken by individuals are equal to rights enjoyed bythem for justice involves social interactive activities.What’s the base of the citizens’ justice character of human nature theory? Suchissue involves whether justice character can be cultivated, so we must confront itbefore studying cultivating mechanism of citizens’ justice character. In general,humans’ natural properties is the human nature root of citizens’ justice character,humans’ social properties is the key factor decide citizen obtain justice character, andhumans’ spiritual properties make justice character as a value pursuit rooted in heart,they realize the unification between idealism of justice pursuit and realism of justicepractice. Consequently, human itself included by natural properties, social propertiesand spiritual properties make the justice character as the nature of human to be human.It can be clearly seen that justice is not merely rooted in human nature, moreimportantly, it realize that human transcend itself through social procession ofindividual, justice is not merely a kind of baseline virtue, is also a kind oftranscendence virtue. Because justice character is rooted in human nature, the development of citizens’ justice character has inner forming mechanism. Nevertheless,justice can’t realize the transcendence to human nature without social practice activityof individual, which make the construction of outer education and institutional justicebecome more significant.As it seen from the general development procession of individual morality, theself—development of citizens’ justice character undergone three periods inturns—from natural justice period in childhood when guild one’s behavior simply onthe ground of happiness and pains to adolescent social justice period when conductone’s behavior according to the prescription of the social surroundings and then to ahigh—level spiritual justice period when conduct one’s behavior in accordance withone’s conscience. Specifically speaking, children get the justice cognition byperception and their justice idea is built on self—satisfaction to their natural need.While as lack of rational cognition and moral understanding, the experimenting formof children’s justice sense mainly focus on situation—institution experience with thecharacter of spontaneity, compulsiveness and shortness of their justice willingnesswithout consciousness and self—mastering, children practice justice by way ofabsolutely obedience to authority and evil off—setting punishment. Adolescence,during the justice period of rational cognition, they develop social justice notion onthe basis of equality and reciprocity principle under their social needs satisfactionwith the expression of guilt and indignation on their justice sense. They can obeysocial public norm to practice justice with the character of consciousness andself—controlling and realism of their justice willingness comparing with children’s.During the highest development period of citizens’ justice character, adults cancognize and understand justice dialectically and comprehensively and judge justiceaccording to human rights and conscience and form justice notion with commonmorality as nucleus. In this moment, justice principle has become the inner part of theindividual moral. Adult’s justice sense is a kind of stable moral feeling built on thefoundation of individual’s justice belief, the character generality, reality and freedomof their justice willingness decide the duration and stability of individual’s justicebehavior. In other words, the inner forming procession of citizens’ justice character isa development procession from care oneself to other and then ascend to attendingoneself and other properly when justice social norm will evolve internally and gradually to individual’s values and responsibility with the purpose of conductingindividual to make right moral judgment and justice practice.To external cultivating mechanism of citizens’justice character, citizen educationis the nucleus, economic distribution justice is the key and politics justice is safeguard.Specifically speaking, citizen education system with citizen justice virtue education asmain subject is the main channel and position of cultivating citizens’ justice character,economic distribution justice plays an exemplary and leading role in the practiceactivities of citizens’ justice character, judicial justice system in the political fieldregulates and safeguards citizens’ justice practice behavior via compulsory measures.Especially in nowadays with political democratization, economic globalization andcultural diversification, citizens’ justice cognitive and feeling are affected andrestricted by pluralistic interest structure and pluralistic cultural values, justicewillingness and belief become less steady day by day and moral conscious declining,consequently, more attention should be paid to the construction of social political andeconomic system justice which adapt to the delivery of justice thoughts theory whenstrengthening citizens’ justice character cultivation and education, mainly to thejudicial justice system in the political field and distribution justice system in theeconomic field, the two systems not only affects citizens’ justice cognitive and feeling,also affects the forming of citizens’ justice behavior and habit in some ways byrational distribution of citizens’ rights and duties. In conclusion, the cultivation ofcitizens’ justice character not only needs microscopic citizen education activities asfoundation, also need to take political and economic system as external surroundingsguarantee.更多还原