大数据的社会价值与战略选择

【作者】 张兰廷；

【导师】 冯鹏志；

【作者基本信息】 中共中央党校 ， 科学技术哲学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 随着信息技术的飞速发展，人类社会进入数字信息时代。获取和掌握信息的能力己成为衡量一个国家实力强弱的标志。一切信息伴随需求不同决定其效益不同，而一切有益信息都是从大量数据中分析出来的。海量数据又随时间持续产生、不断流动、进而扩散形成大数据。大数据不仅用来描述数据的量非常巨大，还突出强调处理数据的速度。所以，大数据成为数据分析领域的前沿技术。数据成为当今每个行业和商业领域的重要因素。人们对于数据的海量挖掘和大量运用，不仅标志着产业生产率的增长和消费者的大量盈余，而且也明确地提示着大数据时代已经到来。数据正成为与物质资产和人力资本同样重要的基础生产要素，大数据的使用成为提高企业竞争力的关键要素。数据成为资产、产业垂直整合、泛互联网化是大数据时代的三大发展趋势。一个国家拥有的数据规模及运用的能力将成为综合国力的重要组成部分，对数据的占有权和控制权将成为陆权、海权、空权之外的国家核心权力。大数据与人类息息相关，越来越多的问题可以通过大数据解决。不仅在数据科学与技术层次，而且在商业模式、产业格局、生态价值与教育层面，大数据都能带来新理念和新思维，包括政府宏观部门、不同的产业界与学术界，甚至个人消费者。大数据与互联网一样，不仅是信息技术领域的革命，更加速企业创新，在全球范围引领社会变革并启动透明政府的发展。大数据正在引发一场思维革命，大数据正在改变人们考察世界的方式方法，以前所未有的速度引起社会、经济、学术、科研、国防、军事等领域的深刻变革。大数据除了将更好的解决商业问题，科技问题，还有各种社会问题，形成以人为本的大数据战略。大数据这一新概念不仅指数据规模庞大，也包括处理和应用数据，是数据对象、技术与应用三者的统一。大数据既可以是如政府部门或企业掌握的数据库这种有限数据集合，也可以是如微博、微信、社交网络上虚拟的无限数据集合。大数据技术包括数据采集、存储、管理、分析挖掘、可视化等技术及其集成。大数据应用是应用大数据技术对各种类型的大数据集合获得有价值信息的行为。充分实现大数据的价值惟有坚持对象、技术、应用三位一体同步发展。大数据是信息技术与各行业领域紧密融合的典型领域，有着旺盛需求和广阔前景。把握机遇需要不断跟踪研究大数据并不断提升对大数据的认知和理解，坚持技术创新与应用创新协同共进同时加快经济社会各领域的大数据开发与利用，推动国家、行业、企业对于数据的应用需求和发展水平进入新的阶段。在大数据时代数据作为一种独立存在的实体，其资产价值越来越突出，日益引起人们的重视。从具体的个人到形形色色的企业，从各国政府到各种组织都可以合法地去收集数据。不论个人还是企业，以及政府等都可以是数据的拥有者。今后个人隐私与数据归属权可能关系越来越少，欧洲民众要求政府公开信息的诉求极其强烈，民众有权向政府申请信息公开。除了涉及国家安全和个人隐私的公共信息外，大部分政府信息都可以公开。大数据主要有三个方面对人类经济社会发展影响巨大，归纳起来：一是能够推动实现巨大经济效益，二是能够推动增强社会管理水平，三是能够推动提高安全保障能力。大数据在政府和公共服务领域的应用可有效推动政务工作开展，提高政府部门的服务效率、决策水平和社会管理水平，产生巨大社会价值。总而言之，大数据将为人们提供强有力的新工具，使人们能更加容易地把握事物规律，更准确地认识世界、预测未来和改造世界。大数据问题涉及范围较广，本文在研究中注重概念分析与文献分析。具体来讲，研究中综合运用了科学技术哲学、社会学等学科的理论知识对大数据进行研究。同时做到问题导向、有的放矢，力求立足本专业理论知识，突出对涉及主题的深层次研究，注意多领域理论知识的综合和统一。本论文既从微观上探讨作为大数据源头与使用者的个体与企业面临的个人隐私风险与商业机密保护问题，又从宏观上分析整个产业乃至国家的大数据治理方针与发展策略，尽量找到实现国家、企业与个人协调发展与动态平衡的路径和方法。本论文通过历史发展的脉络来把握大数据的发展态势，运用科学技术哲学的视角探讨大数据的本质与内涵。以大数据的社会效应为理论和逻辑前提，在把握思维变化和产业发展转型的基础上，从技术、经济、社会等不同层面分析了大数据的动力机制和发展路径，总结了当前主要行业发展方式转型的经验，围绕科技与社会的互动关系梳理大数据与社会各相关产业的融合造成的广泛影响和巨大效益，突出分析了大数据金融产生的一系列重要影响，进而分析其背后蕴含的社会风险，探索相应的社会治理办法，最后就中国积极应对大数据时代、推动中国的大数据发展提出适合中国国情的国家战略设想。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the rapid development of information technology, human society hasentered the digital information age. The ability to obtain and master the informationhas become a symbol of national strength. All information with the needs ofdifferent determines the effectiveness of different, but all the useful information isextracted from large amounts of data. Large amounts of data over time, andcontinued to produce continuous flow, the formation of big data and diffusion. Bigdata is not only used to describe the data amount is very large, but also highlightedthe speed of processing data. Therefore, big data has become a frontier technology inthe field of data analysis. Data become an important factor in every industry andcommercial field. Mining and use of a large number of data, not only marks asubstantial surplus industrial productivity growth and consumer, but also clearlysuggest that the era of big data has come.Data are becoming the basic factors of production are equally important andmaterial assets and human capital, the use of big data has become the key factor toimprove the competitiveness of enterprises. Data become assets, industry unity, theInternet is the three development trends in the age of big data. The scale and theability of use of a country’s data will be an important part of comprehensive nationalstrength. The right of possession and control data will become national core ofpower as important as a land power, sea power, air power. Data become keyelements of production and equally important like land, capital, manpower.Big data are methods and a revolution in thinking. With hitherto unknownspeed big data caused profound changes in society, economy, academic, scientificresearch, national defense, military and other fields. Big data in addition to bettersolve the marketing problems, issues in the philosophy of science and technology,there are all kinds of social problems, the formation of large data people-orientedstrategy. Big data related to human being, more and more problems can be solved bylarge data. Not only in data science and technology level, but also in the commercialpattern, industrial pattern, ecological value and educational level, big data can bringnew ideas and new thinking, including government departments, different industryand academia, even individual consumer. Big data and Internet, is not only the fieldof the information technology revolution, accelerate innovation, leading the socialchange and start the development of transparent government in the world.This new concept of big data not only refers to the data object size, alsoinclude the processing and application of data, is the unity of technology and application of data object, the three. Data can be such as the government orenterprise master database this limited data set, can also be as micro-blog, Micromessage, social network unlimited data virtual collection. Big data technologyincludes data acquisition, storage, management, analysis, visualization technologyand its integration. Big data is of application data technology to obtain valuableinformation on various types of big data sets. The full realizable value of big dataadhere to the application object, technology, development of three-in-onesynchronization. Big data is the area of information technology and the closeintegration of industry field, with strong demand and broad prospects. The need toseize the opportunities continue to track the research data and continuously enhancethe awareness and understanding of big data, insist on technological innovation andthe application of collaborative innovation to accelerate at the same time data in allareas of economic and social development and utilization, promote the country,industry, enterprise for the data application requirements and the level ofdevelopment in the new stage.Big data is of application data technology to obtain valuable information onvarious types of big data sets. The full realization of the value of big data onlyadhere to the application object, technology, development of three-in-onesynchronization. Big data is a typical areas of information technology and the closeintegration of industry field, with strong demand and broad prospects. The need toseize the opportunities continue to track the research data and continuously enhancethe awareness and understanding of big data, insist on technological innovation andthe application of collaborative innovation to accelerate at the same time data in allareas of economic and social development and utilization, promote the country,industry, enterprise for the data application requirements and the level ofdevelopment in the new stage.Big data has three main effects on the human enormous economic and socialdevelopment, to sum up: the first is to promote the realization of the enormouseconomic benefits, the second is to promote and enhance social management level,the third is to promote safety and security. Big data applications in government andpublic services can effectively promote government work, government departmentsto improve service efficiency, decision-making and social management level, hasgreat social value. To make a long story short, big data will provide a powerful newtool for people, so that people can more easily grasp the law of things, more accurateunderstanding of the world, to predict the future and change the world.Big data problem involves a wide range, in the study focus on the analysis ofconcept analysis and literature. Specifically, research in the comprehensive use ofthe theory of knowledge of science and technology of philosophy, sociology and other disciplines of big data. Do the problem oriented,have a definite object in view at the same time, to establish the theory ofprofessional knowledge, the deep research relates to the topic, pay more attention tocomprehensive and unified field theory knowledge.In this paper, both from the micro issues as individual and enterprise datasource and the user’s face privacy risk and commercial secret protection, andanalysis of big data management policy and development strategy of the wholeindustry and even the national macroscopically, try to find the nation, enterprise andindividual harmonious development and dynamic equilibrium path and method.From the historical development of the context，this paper grasp the developingtrend of big data, to explore the nature and connotation of data from the perspectiveof the philosophy of science and technology. The social effect of big data for theoryand logic premise, based on mastering the thinking change and industrialdevelopment of the transformation, from different aspects of technology, economy,society, analyzes the dynamic mechanism and development path of big data,summarizes the development mode transformation of current industry experience,the effects caused by the interaction between extensive fusion combing big datatechnology and society and the social various related industries and great benefits,and social risk analysis of the implication behind, explore the social governancemeasures, and finally puts forward the national strategic plan for China conditions,China times actively respond to big data promote the development of big data China.更多还原