论禁止歧视的正当性

【作者】 王曼倩；

【导师】 张晓玲；

【作者基本信息】 中共中央党校 ， 法学理论， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 歧视是社会中一个广泛存在的现象。无论是在西方发达国家还是像中国这样不断壮大的发展中国家，一直以来歧视都普遍存在并且难以消除。禁止歧视作为人权法的一个重要原则被普遍地应用在国际法和国内立法之中。然而对于歧视这一现象是否应当禁止并非是没有争议的。主张禁止歧视的理由往往跟平等相关联，而平等本身就是一个具有争议的内容。反对禁止歧视的理由则往往认为这种禁止侵害了人的自由。禁止歧视的根据究竟是什么？追问禁止歧视的正当性仍然是有必要的。以往一些论述者在研究歧视问题时常常把禁止歧作为一个是当然的前提，而本文提出并论证“禁止歧视的正当性”这一命题，写作的目的正是要对这个“当然的”前提进行追问，意在阐明为什么禁止歧视是具有道德基础的正当要求。围绕这一命题，本文采用文献研究方法和案例分析方法进行研究，全文共用六章的篇幅进行论述。第一章对歧视的概念进行了基本的界定，并且通过比较分析了歧视与偏见、差异的区别；梳理了具有代表性的四个国家即美国、英国、加拿大和澳大利亚在法律实践中不断对歧视的概念产生的深化理解；并且对歧视两种主要的分类标准做出了阐释。这一章主要是从概念上理解歧视这一现象，因为在实践上对歧视的重视是随着要求改变不平等待遇的人权呼声而逐渐发展起来的，歧视具有一定的主观性在实践中往往非常复杂又难以认定。第二章初步论述了禁止歧视的一般性依据。这一章主要起到统领后面四章，并为后面的论述提供批判的靶子的作用。本章开头总结了三种一般论述禁止歧视依据的方式：第一种是实践性的，本文不做展开说明。第二种是根据法律规定，因此本文第一节首先论述了禁止歧视的国际法规定，这些争取人权的文件成果可以说是禁止歧视在国际法上的一个依据，但是它们不是学术性的、哲理性的，根据法律的规定只能说明合法性，不能作为禁止歧视正当性的依据。第三种方式是根据平等的理论。因此第二节梳理了平等的概念、平等思想的发展以及歧视与平等的关系等问题。这种论证方式是主要的论证禁止歧视依据的观点，但是在追问禁止歧视歧视的正当性时就会发现，禁止歧视是具有争论的，赞成者往往主张因为应当平等所以就要反对歧视；而反对者则认为在私人领域对他人进行歧视是一个人的自由不应当被干涉。因此，根据平等理论论证禁止歧视的方法是存在漏洞的。第三节就围绕这种争论展开讨论，为后面四章的论述做铺垫。禁止歧视的争论焦点主要集中在经济领域中是否应当实现更大程度的平等这一问题上，这种争论正是本文论述的重点。因此后面的三章详细分析了这种争论的理论代表，即罗尔斯、诺齐克和德沃金的理论。第三章主要分析了罗尔斯的公平正义理论。罗尔斯希望通过两个正义原则解决自由和平等在社会分配中尤其是经济领域的分配中的冲突，这一理论对现代平等观产生了重要的影响，但是也受到了多方面的批判。一方面保守的自由主义者尤其是诺齐克认为罗尔斯所表达的更大的平等是不成立的。另一方面，左派的自由主义者德沃金对罗尔斯的差别原则的批判也认为其消减了个人责任的问题。因此，通过罗尔斯的平等理论来论述禁止歧视的依据是存在很多漏洞的。修正这一理论还要从诺齐克和德沃金对其理论的批判入手。第四章主要针对诺齐克的的自由至上理论进行分析反对禁止歧视是否具有依据。通过对诺齐克的最弱意义的国家和财产权的洛克的限制条件的分析指出，即使不依靠其他理论的支持，诺齐克的理论本身也是存在矛盾的。这种最弱意义的国家是无法成立的，这也就意味着国家具有更多的功能是能够也应当成立的。这种功能之一就是实现经济领域中更多平等，禁止对人的歧视。但是这种平等实现到什么程度还需要讨论。第五章考察了德沃金的资源平等理论。德沃金在平等理论中引入了“责任”的观点，认为应当区分选择和环境对人的不同影响并作为承担集体责任还是个人责任的标准。并且对德沃金在论证中对应的个人性资源和非个人性资源这两种资源分别进行分析和批判。指出了虽然德沃金在将责任纳入平等理论的论证中存在缺陷，但是却可以为我们提供一种思路：即个人在满足一定的条件下应当承担对自己不利的后果，对不平等的弥补不可能是没有限度的，这也说明我们禁止歧视应当存在一定的限度，不能一味地追求绝对的平等。第六章是本文的结论部分，也是论文的创新部分。这一章在对前面三章围绕禁止歧视的争论所依据的理论做出批判的基础上首先考察了正义的条件，着重论述了正义的主客观条件，指出正义制度是必不可少的，正义制度的重要性首先在于构建人的品德，使人成为出于同情心而以正义待人的人。在此基础上论述本文的创新性观点：围绕着禁止歧视的争论可以分析出依据平等理论作为禁止歧视的依据就难免陷入平等和自由的争论，但是在自由主义的这种争论之上我们至少可以得出自由主义的基本观点“人是目的”、“人的理性能力”是对这种争论的最低限的共识。而从正义的角度出发，我们发现“人是目的”、“人的理性能力”正是把人当作人和人的自我实现的伦理价值的要求。这也正是禁止歧视的正当性依据所在。同时，人的尊严是界定禁止歧视要求和平等要求的一个关键，禁止歧视应当始终注意将尊严作为认定标准，认定歧视应当存在必要的限度，不能将所有的不平等对待都认定为歧视。更多还原

【Abstract】 Discrimination is a widespread social phenomena.No matter in Westerndeveloped countries or developing countries such as China, discrimination isprevalent and difficult to be eliminated. An important principle of the prohibition ofdiscrimination as a human rights are widely used in international law and nationallegislation.However, whether this phenomenon for discrimination should be prohibited isnot without controversy.The arguments in favor of the prohibition of discrimination isoften associated with equality,but equality itself is a controversial content. The reasonwhy disagree the prohibition of discrimination is that it is the infringement of humanfreedom. What exactly is the prohibition of discrimination based on? Finding out thelegitimacy of the prohibition of discrimination is still necessary. Some previous studythink the prohibition of discrimination as a pe requisite when the discuss thediscrimination. This paper presents and demonstrates the legitimacy of the prohibitionof discrimination. This paper discuss this premise in order to proof the Prohibition ofdiscrimination is morally legitimate claims based.Around this proposition, we useliterature research methods and case analysis method to study.This paper contains sixchapters.The first chapter discuss the basic understanding of the concept of discriminationand the difference between the discrimination prejudice and difference. It analyses thehistory of concept of discrimination on the base of four representative country. Theyare United States, Britain, Canada and Australia. Then it Describes the two maincriteria for classification discrimination. This chapter is a conceptual understanding ofthe phenomenon of discrimination. The emphasis on discrimination develop with theacquirement of human rights in practice. Discrimination has some subjectivity inpractice and it is often very complex and difficult to identify.The second chapter discusses the general basement of prohibition ofdiscrimination. This chapter play a commanding role in next four chapters andprovides critique as discussed later in the target. This chapter summarizes the threegeneral way of discussing the prohibition of discrimination.The first is a practical, notto expand the description herein. The second is based on the law, Therefore, the first section of this article first discusses the provisions of international law prohibitingdiscrimination.The outcome document for human rights can be said to be a basis ofdiscrimination prohibited under international law, but they are not academic,philosophical. It only shows that legality, but legitimacy can not be used as the basisof the prohibition of discrimination.The third way is based on the theory of equality.Therefore, Section combed the concept of equality, development of ideas issues ofequality and discrimination and equal relationship. This is the main view ofprohibition of discrimination.But you will find when questioning the legitimacy ofdiscrimination prohibited discrimination, prohibition of discrimination is acontroversial.Proponents often claim to be equal because it will oppose discrimination;while opponents argued that discrimination in the private sphere of a person’s libertyshould not be interfering. Methods prohibiting discrimination based on equality oftheoretical argument is flawed. Section three will discuss the controversy surroundingthis and pave the way for the later chapters are discussed.Focus of debate focused onthe prohibition of discrimination in the economic sphere, it should be achieve agreater degree of equality.It is the focus of this paper.Therefore, a detailed analysis ofthe back of the chapters of this debate on behalf of the theory, that Rawls, Nozick andDworkin’s theoryThe third chapter analyzes the theory of justice of Rawls.Rawls hopes to resolveconflicts principles of freedom and equality in the society especially in the economicfield distribution allocated through two justice.This theory of modern concept ofequality has had a significant impact, but also by a wide range of criticism.On the onehand the conservative liberals, especially Nozick believes Rawls expressed greaterequality is not established.The other hand, the difference between criticism of Rawlsalso believes that it reduced the problem of personal responsibility.There are manyloopholes in Rawls’ theory through equal basis to discuss the prohibition ofdiscrimination.This theory also corrected from the start of their Nozick and Dworkincritical theory.The fouth chapter focus on the first critical theory and analysis Nozick’slibertarian theory.Through analysis of the significance of the weakest countriesNozick and property rights restrictions noted Locke, the paper point out that Evenwithout relying on the support of other theories, Nozick’s theory of existence itself iscontradictory. The weakest country is not established.This means that countries with more functions can and should be established.One function is to achieve the kind ofeconomic sectors for more equality and prohibit discrimination against people.But toachieve this equality also need to discuss.The fifth chapter examines Dworkin’s theory of equality of resources.Dworkinintroduces the "responsibility" theory to the equality perspective.He believes thatchoice should distinguish the different effects on people and the environment and as acollective responsibility or personal responsibility standards. He analysis and criticizethe corresponding personal and non-personal resources.He pointed out that althoughDworkin included in the liability theory of equality argument is flawed but it canprovide an idea for us. Individuals under certain conditions are satisfied shall bear theadverse consequences of their own.Compensate for the inequality can not be withoutlimits. This also shows that we should prohibit discrimination on a certain limit.The sixth chapter is the conclusion of this article, but also innovative part of thepaper.The chapter on the basis of the previous three chapters controversy surroundingthe theory of the prohibition of discrimination on the basis of the first to make acritical study of the conditions of justice. It focuses on the subjective and objectiveconditions of justice and notes justice system’s essential.Importance of the justicesystem is to build the first person’s character, people become out of compassion andtreat people with justice.This article innovative view:Controversy surrounding theprohibition of discrimination can be analyzed according to the theory as a basis ofequality prohibits discrimination on equality and freedom. It will inevitably fall intothe debate.But on top of this liberal argument that we can at least draw basic ideas ofliberalism "man is the goal,""the ability of human reason" is a consensus on theminimum of this debate."People is the goal"and "the ability of human reason "are theself-realization of the person as required and the ethical values of the people. This isexactly legitimacy of the prohibition of discrimination.Meanwhile, human dignity isone of the key requirements of anti-discrimination and equality requirementsdefinition.Prohibition of discrimination should always pay attention to the dignity of arecognized standard. There should be necessary to identify the limits ofdiscrimination.更多还原