论思想政治工作的社会管理功能

【作者】 卢旭东；

【导师】 戴焰军；

【作者基本信息】 中共中央党校 ， 思想政治教育， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 当前，党中央和国务院做出了加强和创新社会管理的重要部署，这一方面对新时期思想政治工作的实效性提出了更高要求，同时也为思想政治工作的创新和发展提供了全新平台、指明了发展方向。思想政治工作是一门科学，它的科学性不仅要体现在其指导思想层面，而且要落实到具体的实践工作中。加强和创新社会管理是提高我国社会管理科学化水平的重要举措，也是积极构建社会主义和谐社会的必由之路。加强和创新社会管理工作离不开思想政治工作的教化、协调、保证、整合和激励等功能的有效发挥；思想政治工作也离不开社会管理这个重要的实践平台。思想政治工作必须在新时期社会管理实践中，进一步增强其实效性，彰显其时代价值。任何一个社会的正常有序运行都离不开扎实有效的社会管理工作。社会的现代化程度与社会管理工作息息相关。中国共产党在执政后就开始了探索社会主义社会管理的漫长征程，在六十多年的社会管理中，我们有过成功的经验，也经历过失败的教训。特别是改革开放之后，我们进入建设社会主义市场经济的新时期。随着社会主义市场经济的不断发展，在社会领域也呈现出了相应地变化，比如贫富分化加剧、群体性事件频发、社会不信任增强、个体行为“逐利性”增强、宗教极端势力沉渣泛起等，这导致社会的不和谐、不稳定因素被“激活”、放大。当前，加强和创新社会管理就是针对这些社会问题而提出的战略举措。加强和创新社会管理不仅需要体制、机制层面的改革，也需要细致入微的教育引导工作。党的十七大报告，第一次提出“加强和改进思想政治工作，注重人文关怀和心理疏导。”十八大报告在此基础上，进一步指出要“培育自尊自信、理性平和、积极向上的社会心态。”这就是党的思想政治工作在新时期增强实效性、体现时代价值的发展方向。思想政治工作的社会学范式研究始于上世纪90年代。进入新世纪以来，我国的社会矛盾日益激化，社会冲突事件频频发生，积极构建社会主义和谐社会已经迫在眉睫。伴随着加强和创新社会管理的战略任务的提出，思想政治工作与社会学的交叉研究再次成为热点。本文从拓展和强化思想政治工作社会管理功能的视角出发，综合运用文献法、系统分析法和多学科交叉研究法等研究方法，从学理和实践两个层面深入分析思想政治工作社会管理功能的科学内涵、历史经验教训、衍生问题、强化策略等，以增强新时期思想政治工作的实效性。思想政治工作社会管理功能研究具备客观的理论基础。思想政治工作与社会管理工作的实践主体具有同一性，价值取向具有共同性，作用机制具有互补性，目标指向具有一致性。思想政治工作的社会管理功能具体包括社会教化、社会调节、社会整合、社会规范和社会激励等几个方面。加强思想政治工作社会管理功能研究有利于推进思想政治工作社会学范式研究，推进思想政治工作的现代化转型和社会管理事业的科学化发展。发挥思想政治工作社会管理功能的社会实践由来已久。中国共产党在执政六十多年的历史进程中，始终强调思想政治工作在社会建设中的“生命线”地位，强调发挥基层党组织的“战斗堡垒”作用，重视马克思主义中国化内容的社会阐释，重视发挥大众传媒的社会宣传功能，重视发挥思想政治工作的利益协调功能，重视发挥榜样的社会示范功能等。与此同时，我们党也走过一些“弯路”，特别是在“文化大革命”时期，思想政治工作的社会管理功能发生了严重“错位”，造成恶劣的社会后果。从正反两方面总结我们党在发挥思想政治工作社会管理功能的经验和教训对于进一步强化其社会管理功能发挥具有积极意义。西方国家虽然不采用“思想政治工作”这一名词，但其所谓的公民教育、政治素养教育、政治社会化等都发挥着思想政治工作的功能。国外“思想政治工作”发挥社会管理功能经历了上百年的实践，积累了诸多有益经验，值得我们学习借鉴，比如强化思想政治工作的内容体系建设，重视发挥大众传媒的社会宣传作用，积极构建多主体教育的社会宣教格局，强调灌输渗透相结合的路径建设等。思想政治工作的社会管理功能发挥受到多种因素的综合影响，深入剖析其影响因素是分析当前存在的问题以及解决问题的必要前提。影响思想政治工作社会管理功能发挥的因素既有主观因素，也存在客观因素。主观因素包括思想政治工作队伍的结构和素质、工作对象的人格素质结构。客观因素包括思想政治工作的内容、方法、载体和社会环境等。当前制约思想政治工作社会管理功能发挥的原因包括：多元价值选择的形成、社会结构“松散化”日趋明显、人员流动性增强、个体行为逐利性凸显、应急管理思维的流弊、网络虚拟社会的兴起等。进一步强化思想政治工作的社会管理功能需要从理念原则、教育内容、方式方法和机制建设等几个层面着手。发挥思想政治工作社会管理功能首先要坚持方向性原则、主体性原则、方法论原则和系统性原则等基本原则，还需要坚持服务为主、管理为辅；科学性与价值性相统一；特殊性与一般性相结合等具体原则。扩大思想政治工作的内容覆盖面，一方面要对传统内容进行精简，另一方面需要增加时代内容，比如中国特色社会主义教育、社会主义核心价值体系教育、新时期利益观念教育等。强化思想政治工作的社会管理功能亟需增强其可操作性，比如通过思想政治工作引领党委、政府、社会组织、人民群众的社会管理理念实现根本性转变；通过思想政治工作加强对流动人口、特殊人群、未成年人、留守群体等特殊群体生存境遇的改善；通过思想政治工作提高对社会风险的应急管理能力，建立重大决策防控机制，完善应急管理的舆论处置机制等；通过思想政治工作推进社会管理事务有序运行，畅通利益诉求表达机制、建立信息搜处机制、健全矛盾纠纷协调机制、完善社会舆论引导机制、优化民主参与决策机制等。更多还原

【Abstract】 At present, the CPC central committee and the state council has made theimportant deployment of strengthening the innovation of social management. On onehand, it puts forward higher requirements to the actual effect of ideological andpolitical work in the new period. On the other hand, it provides new platform anddirection for the innovation and development of ideological and political work.Ideological and political work is a science. Its scientific nature should be reflected notonly in guiding ideology, but also in specific practice. The enhancement andinnovation of social management is an important measure to improve the level ofscientifically social management, and is also the only route leading to activelybuilding a socialist harmonious society. The strength and innovation of socialmanagement cannot be separated from the effectiveness of education, coordination,integration, guarantee and incentive function of the ideological and political work.Ideological and political work also cannot accomplish its missions without socialmanagement, an important practice platform. Ideological and political work mustfurther enhance its effectiveness in the practice of social management in the newperiod, to highlight its value in thisera.The normal and orderly operation of a society cannot do without solid andeffectivesocial management. The degree of modernization of society is closely relatedto the social management. The Communist Party of China, since it has got power hasbegun a long journey to explore the field of socialist society management. We hadsuccessful experience and also lessons of failure in more than60years’ socialmanagement. Especially since the beginning of Reforming and Opening up, we haveentered the new period of building a socialist market economy. With the developmentof socialist market economy, changes ofthe society also appear accordingly,including the increasing gap between the rich and the poor, the frequent group events,the enhanced social distrust, the enhancement of profit-driven individual behaviorandthe rise of religious extremism, which may cause social disharmony and unstablefactors being activated and amplified. Currently, to strengthen and innovate socialmanagement are the strategic measures taken to solve these social problems. Theenhancement and innovation of social management needs not only system reform, butalso careful guidance and education.“To enhance and improve ideological and political work and pay attention to humanities concern and psychological counseling”was firstly put forward in Report of the Seventeenth Party Congress. The Eighteenthreport, on this basis, pointed out the need to "foster self-confidence, rational and calm,positive social mentality." This is the direction of development of the party’sideological and political work in the new period,which is to enhance effectiveness andto embody the value.The sociological paradigm research of Ideological and political work began inthe1990s. Since the entering of the new century, our country’s social contradictionshas been increasingly intensified. Social conflicts happen frequently. The need for theestablishment of a harmonious socialist society has become urgent. Along with theintroduction of the strategic task of strengthening and innovating social management,cross-over study of ideological and political work and sociology once again becomesa hot spot. This paper starts from the perspective of expanding and strengtheningsocial management function of ideological and political work, and syntheticallyapplies several research methods, such as literature method, system analysis method,and multidisciplinary cross method and other research methods. This paper deeplyanalyses the scientific connotation, historical experience and lessons, derivativeproblems and strengthening strategy of the social management function of ideologicaland political work from two aspects of theory and practice so that the timeliness ofideological and political work in the new era can be enhanced.The research on the social management function of ideological and politicalwork has objective theoretical basis. Ideological political work and socialmanagement work, they have identity in practical subject, commonality in valueorientation, complementary in mechanism of action and consistency in orientation ofgoal. The social management function of ideological and political work has severalaspects, including social education, social regulation, social integration, social normsand social motivation. Strengthening of the social management function of ideologicaland political work is helpful to promote the sociological paradigm research ofIdeological and political work, promoting the modernization transformation ofideological and political work and the scientific development of the socialmanagement.The social practice exerting ideological politician work and social managementhas existed a long time. During the over-sixty-year ruling history of the Communist Party of China, it has always stressed the ideological and political work is lifeline inthe society and that grassroots organizations should play fighting force role. It alsoattaches importance to the social interpretation of the contents of Marxism in China,the social publicity function of mass media, the interest reconciliation of ideologicaland political work, and social demonstration function of models. At the same time,our party has gone through some detours, especially in the Cultural Revolution period,when the social management functions in ideological and political work was seriouslymisplaced, causing terrible social consequences. The experiences and lessons fromsummarizing the pros and cons of our party playing ideological and political work andfunctioning social management has a positive meaning to further strengthen itscommunity management.In Western countries, which do not adopt the term of ideological and politicalwork, their so-called civic education, political literacy education, politicalsocialization etc.has a similar function of ideological and political work. Foreignideological and political work has played social management function for more than acentury practice, forming a series of useful experience which is worth learning. Forexample, we should strengthen content system construction of ideological andpolitical work, pay attention to the publicity function of mass media in society,actively build social advocacy and education pattern with multi-agent missionaryeducation, and emphasize the construction of the path combing implantation andpenetration.The social management function of ideological and political work is influencedby many comprehensive factors, fully analyzing those factors is the necessary premiseto analyze the current existing problems and to solve the problem. There are bothsubjective factors and objective factors that influence whether the social managementfunction of the ideological and political work can play a role. Subjective factorsinclude the structure and quality of the team of ideological and political work and thepersonality structure of work object. Objective factors consist of the content, method,carrier of ideological and political work and social environment, and so on. Thecurrent factors restrictingthe social management function of the ideological andpolitical work are as follows: the formation of the multiple value choice, theincreasing evidence of loose-knit social structure, the enhancement of staff mobility,the enhancement of profit-drivenindividual behavior, the abuses of emergency management thinking and the rise of virtual social network, and so on.To further strengthen the social management functions of ideological andpolitical work, we need to begin our work from the perspective of ideas and principals,educational content, ways and means, mechanism construction and so on. The socialmanagement functions of ideological and political work firstly need to be adhered tothe basic principles, which includes the principle of direction, principle of subjectivity,principle of methodology and principle of systematization. Meanwhile, there shouldbe no wavering in tracking the concrete principles, which include service-orientedwith complementary management, the unification of scientific nature and value andcombination of specificity and generality. To expand the coverage of the content ofthe ideological and political work, on the one hand, we need to streamline thetraditional content;on the other hand, we need to add the times content. Such as theeducation of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the system of socialist core valueseducation and the Interest of education ideas in the new period. We need to enhancethe maneuverability of ideological and political work in order to strengthen the socialmanagement function of it. We need to lead party committees, governments, socialorganization and people to achieve fundamental transformation through ideologicaland political work, to improve living conditions of the special groups of the floatingpopulation, special groups, the juvenile and Left-behind communitythrough ideological and political work, to improve the ability of emergencymanagement of social risk, to establish a mechanism for the prevention and control ofmajor policy decisions and to improve the mechanism of emergency management ofpublic opinion through ideological and political work, to promote social managementand orderly operation, to unblock interests expression mechanism, to set upinformation searching mechanism, to improve the disputes coordination mechanism,to improve the mechanism of social public opinion guide, to optimize democraticparticipation decision-making mechanism through ideological and political work.更多还原