中国社会主义协商民主问题研究

【作者】 范会勋；

【导师】 韩云川；

【作者基本信息】 中共中央党校 ， 科学社会主义， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 中国社会主义协商民主是社会主义民主的重要组成部分，它是中国传统文化与马克思主义民主理论相结合、中国共产党统一战线思想与当代社会现实需要相结合而逐步产生和发展起来的一种社会主义民主实现形式。社会主义协商民主理论与实践的发展对推动中国特色社会主义民主政治建设做出了重要的贡献。中国共产党第十八次全国代表大会“社会主义协商民主”概念的提出，是中国共产党对社会主义民主理论的一项重大理论创新，它是对建国以来人民政协民主实践和社会协商民主实践的经验总结，又为中国特色社会主义民主政治的进一步发展提出了新的努力方向。同时，也给理论工作者提出了新的任务。如何认识它的内涵、价值，如何总结它的发展历史，如何看待它的发展现状和问题不足，如何促进它的快速发展等等，是中国当前发展社会主义协商民主所必须回答的理论和现实问题。论文正是源于对这些问题的尝试性回答，循着这样的思路，运用历史文献考证与现实问题分析相结合的方法，在对中国社会主义协商民主理论与实践进行概念界定、特征概括、价值判断、历史探寻、现状分析、经验总结、问题揭露的基础上，探讨了发展社会主义协商民主的路径。论文除了导论外，总体上分为三个部分：由来与发展、经验与问题、拓展与完善。第一部分中国社会主义协商民主的由来与发展。对“社会主义协商民主”概念的考证，论文采取了从历史到现实、从西方到中国的分析路径。在对民主历史概念演变的追溯中，在对协商传统延续的考察中，协商民主的概念渐渐清晰。协商似乎早已与民主形影相伴，但它们似乎只是在现代才喜结良缘。西方长期居于统治地位的代议制民主随着形势的发展，渐渐陷入内外交困境地。人们批判和反思代议制民主的政治实践，挖掘古典民主的协商成分，提出协商民主理论。论文通过不同视角的比较，介绍了西方协商民主的内涵。同样，又是在中西比较中，由西方协商民主引出对“社会主义协商民主”内涵的界定。紧接着论文分别分析了协商民主和中国社会主义协商民主的特征，从应然和实然两个维度探讨了中国社会主义协商民主的一般性和特殊性。社会主义协商民主作为协商民主的一种，本质的东西要坚持；而作为社会主义的协商民主，优势的东西要发扬。任何一种理论形态都不可能是无源之水无本之木。中国社会主义协商民主深深根植于中国传统文化，同时又是对马克思主义统一战线理论、政党理论、民主政治理论和党的群众观点的继承和发展。对社会主义协商民主理论基础和思想渊源的分析和阐述，意在说明它的中国内生性，为下文回顾其发展历史做下了铺垫。回顾历史，中国社会主义协商民主从萌芽到成型，从挫折到恢复，从拓展到整合，走过了半个多世纪的历程。它依次经历了从革命统一战线，到国家基本政治制度，再到民主政治实现形式的发展演变；经历了从政党层面协商到国家层面协商，再到国家和社会双向多层协商的拓展和延伸。在其发展的每一个阶段，它对推动中国社会进步发挥了重要的历史作用，做出了巨大贡献，也为协商民主在中国的广泛多层制度化发展打下了坚实的基础。论文对中国社会主义协商民主现实价值的分析，既含有实然性的总结，也有应然性的概括。社会主义协商民主具有重要的价值。它是人民当家作主的真实体现；它是党和国家科学、民主决策的重要途径；它是公民有序政治参与的主要渠道；它是社会和谐的政治保证；它是现代公民意识形成的主要场域。协商民主的这些重要价值，说明了它在中国社会诞生、发展和完善的必要性和合理性。第二部分是中国社会主义协商民主的制度、经验与问题。在实践发展的基础上，当前社会主义协商民主形式不断丰富、领域不断扩展、制度不断完善，其基本理念已融入中国特色社会主义民主政治的各个环节和各个层面，协商民主的实践也以不同的制度形式广泛存在于现行政治体系之中。政协、人大、政府、党派、基层和网络，中国社会政治生活的各个领域和各个层次，都在以不同的方式践行着协商民主。发展中国社会主义协商民主，既要总结成功经验，也要分析不足和问题。坚持党的领导、坚持人民民主、坚持依法协商是社会主义协商民主发展的基本历史经验，是坚持党的领导、人民当家作主和依法治国有机统一在社会主义协商民主发展进程中的鲜明体现。与此同时，也应该清醒地看到，由于受中国经济、政治、文化等现实条件和协商民主自身缺陷等因素的制约，当前社会主义协商民主实践发展中还存在诸多问题和困境。协商民主自身的缺陷和中国民主传统的缺失、选举民主发展的不充分、公民社会发育的不成熟等，都是制约社会主义协商民主发展的不利因素。中国社会主义协商民主发展中尚存在着制度不健全、主体要素欠缺和发展不平衡等诸多不足和问题。发展和完善中国社会主义协商民主，还有很长的路要走。在以上分析和论证的基础上，论文最后一部分对中国社会主义协商民主发展做出了探索性的思考。总的说，要处理好三个主要关系和瞄准三个努力方向。要处理好的三个重要关系是协商民主与选举民主的关系、党的领导与协商平等的关系和国家层面与社会层面协商民主的关系。要瞄准的三个努力方向：一是培育公民文化和公民社会；二是健全社会主义协商民主制度；三是加强协商民主要素建设。更多还原

【Abstract】 The socialist deliberative democracy is an important part of people’s democracyin our country, it is the synthesis of Chinese traditional culture with Marx’s theory ofdemocracy, the combination of Chinese Communist united front thought and China’scontemporary social reality requires，which gradually develops and forms a form ofsocialist democracy. The development of the socialist deliberative democracy theoryand practice has made an important contribution to the promotion of Chinesecharacteristic socialist democratic politics construction.The presentation of the concept of “the socialist deliberative democracy” inthe Eighteenth National Congress is the Party’s significant theoretical innovation tosocialist democratic theory. It is a practice experiences summarization on thedemocratic practice since the founding of the people’s political consultativeconference and social deliberative democracy practice experience. It also opens up anew direction and for the further development of socialist democratic politics withChinese characteristics. In the same time, this concept puts forward new tasks for allthe theorists. How to understand its connotation and value, how to summarize itsdevelopment history, how to treat the development situation and problems of itsinsufficiency, and how to promote the rapid development of it, are theoretical andrealistic problems which we must answer during the development of the deliberativedemocracy nowadays. By this thought, this paper attempts to answer these questions,using the method analyzing and investigating historical textual research and thepractical problems. The paper’s aim is to find the most likely method and path of thedevelopment of the socialist deliberative democracy, on the basis of exposing of itsdefinition, characteristics, value, history, current situation, experiences and problems.Besides the introduction, the paper is divided into three parts: the origin anddevelopment, experiences and problems, countermeasures and suggestions.The first part is Chinese Socialist Deliberative Democracy: origin anddevelopment. The paper presents the conception “the socialist deliberativedemocracy”, following a path from history to reality, from the west to China. Theconcept of deliberative democracy gradually becomes clear after a review of theevolution of democracy’s history and the continuation of the deliberation tradition.They seem to have coincided with each other long before, but seem to blend togetheronly in modern times. The representative democracy which is traditionally dominated in the West gradually gets into the diplomacy of trouble with the development of thesituation. The theorists criticize and reflect the representative democratic politicalpractice, dredge the deliberative component in classical democracy, and put forwardthe theory of deliberative democracy. The paper introduces the connotation of Westerndeliberative democracy by comparative analysis from different angles. It then leads tothe definition of Chinese Socialist Deliberative Democracy by the comparisonbetween China and the West in the similar way. Then the paper analyses thecharacteristics of the deliberative democracy and Chinese Socialist DeliberativeDemocracy, to explain that the socialism deliberative democracy is a unity ofgenerality and particularity. As deliberative democracy the essence should be held out.As socialist deliberative democracy, the advantages should be carried forward.Any kind of theory can not be passive water without source. Chinese SocialistDeliberative Democracy is deeply rooted in Chinese traditional culture, and is theinheritance and development of Marx’s united front theory, political theory, politicaltheory and the Party’s mass line. The analysis and the elaboration to the theory basisand ideological origins of the socialist deliberative democracy are to explain itsChinese Endogenousness, and to pave the path for the following review of thedevelopment history.To review the history, Chinese Socialist Deliberative Democracy has gonethrough more than half a century from budding to form, from frustration to recovery,from the development to the integration. It has experienced from the revolutionaryunited front to the national basic political system, then to a form of democracy. It hasexperienced from the deliberation in party level to the national level, then to theextension of the state and society bidirectional multi-layer. In every stage of itsdevelopment, it played an important role to China’s social development, madeenormous contribution, also lay a foundation for the further development ofdeliberative democracy in China.The paper’s analysis of the practical value of Chinese Socialist DeliberativeDemocracy includes factual summary and necessity of generalization. It is ofimportant value. It is the true embody that the people are in power. It is the importantway of the Party’s and state’s democratic and scientific decision. It is the mainchannel for citizens’ orderly political participation. It is the political guarantee forsocial harmony. It is the main arena to foster modern civil awareness. All of thesemake clear necessity and reasonableness of its birth, development and perfection. The paper’s analysis of the practical value of Chinese Socialist DeliberativeDemocracy includes factual summary and necessity of generalization. It is ofimportant value. It is the true embody that the people are in power. It is the importantway of the Party’s and state’s democratic and scientific decision. It is the mainchannel for citizens’ orderly political participation. It is the political guarantee forsocial harmony. It is the main arena to foster modern civic awareness. All of thesemake clear necessity and reasonableness of its birth, development and perfection.The second part is China Socialist Deliberative Democracy’s political system,experiences and deficiencies. Based on the historical development, Chinese SocialistDeliberative Democracy’s current forms of practice consultation continuously becomerich, its fields expand unceasingly, its institutions are gradually perfect, and its basicconcepts have been integrated into the socialist democratic politicswith Chinese characteristics. The practice of deliberative democracy widely exists inthe current political system in various institutional forms. Different forms ofdeliberative democracy institutions practice do work in all areas and at all levels ofChina’s social and political life, such as the Chinese People’s Political ConsultativeConference, National People’s Congress, government, political parties, local andnetwork.The development of Chinese Socialist Deliberative Democracy not only needs tosummarize the successful experience, but also to analyze the shortcomings andproblems. The basic historical experiences of the development of socialist democracyare to uphold the leadership of the party, to uphold the people’s democracy, and touphold the deliberation by law. All these vividly demonstrated the unity of theleadership of the Party, the position of the people as masters of the country andlaw-based governance which we call the socialist path of making political advancewith Chinese characteristics in the development of Chinese Socialist DeliberativeDemocracy. On the other hand, because of the restriction of China’s such realisticconditions as economic, political, cultural and deliberative democracy itself factors,we must be keenly aware that there is still much room for improvement and there area lot of difficulties and problems. The defects of deliberative democracy itself, theunderdevelopment of election democracy, the immature development of civil society,and the loss of the traditional democratic culture are all unfavorable factors restrictingthe development of Chinese Socialist Deliberative Democracy. There are still manyshortcomings and problems such as the imperfect system, the lack of the main elements and the unbalanced development. There is still a long way to go.On the foundation of the above analysis and demonstration, the last part of thepaper makes a tentative exploration on the development of Chinese socialistdeliberative democracy. In general terms, the paper suggests dealing with three mainrelations and targeting the three directions. Three important relationships to dealinclude the relationship of deliberative democracy and Election democracy, the Partyleadership and deliberative equality, deliberative democracy in national level and insocial level. Three efforts aimed: the first is to cultivate the citizen culture and citizensociety, the second is to improve the socialist democracy system, and the third is tostrengthen the construction of the deliberative democracy elements.更多还原