【作者】 刘霞；

【导师】 唐凯麟；

【作者基本信息】 湖南师范大学 ， 伦理学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 政府公共决策是指政府机关针对有关公共问题,为了实现与维护公共利益而选择和制定计划、方案或策略的行为与过程。同时政府公共决策亦可指政府机关为了解决公共问题、实现公共利益而选择和制定的计划、方案或策略。政府公共决策与伦理问题具有相关性。伦理构成政府公共决策的重要基础,它影响着政府公共决策主体和客体的活动,渗透到政府公共决策过程的各个环节。政府公共决策是否关涉价值?回答是肯定的。根据政策科学和行政伦理学的理论,政府公共决策关涉价值。从功利论的视角和道义论的视角来看,政府公共决策关涉价值。从功利论的逻辑前提看,政府公共决策关涉效果、结果或幸福等价值。从功利论的基本依据看,政府公共决策关涉效果、效率等价值。按照道义论的观点,政府公共决策关涉公平、公正或正义等价值。政府公共决策的价值原则和价值标准是多元的,它们之间有一个价值排序的问题。从历史和现实来看,政府公共决策承载优先性价值。相对于效率而言,公平是政府公共决策的优先性价值；相对于善而言,正当是政府公共决策的优先性价值；相对于个体善而言,政府公共决策中公共善不具有绝对的优先权。案例解析表明,当前我国社会福利保障政策存在非公平性的伦理困境。政府公共决策与目标或目的和手段密切相关。从伦理的角度来考量,政府公共决策的目标选择定位于公共利益、正义和效率等目标的选择。公共利益目标选择是总体性目标选择,正义和效率目标选择则是具体性目标选择。从伦理的角度来考量,科学手段选择、民主手段选择和法治手段选择是政府公共决策的手段选择。科学手段选择是政府公共决策的技术化手段选择；民主手段选择是政府公共决策的社会化手段选择；法治手段选择是政府公共决策的规范化手段选择。政府公共决策的目的善与手段正当应相结合,这是政府公共决策具有伦理价值的根本保证。政府公共决策中存在一些不公正行为。政府的自利性、利益集团的消极影响和决策监督问责制度的缺陷是政府公共决策中出现不公正行为的原因。为此,需要探索政府公共决策公正性的制度保障问题,即建立与健全政府公共决策公开制度,建立与健全政府公共决策的利益调节制度,健全政府公共决策的监督问责制度。当前我国政府公共决策中不公正行为的表现是政府公共决策中公民参与的不平等、经济发展政策中代际之间的不公平、就业政策中的身份歧视、参政和就业政策中的性别歧视。于是,加强社会群体利益表达的制度建设、加强政府公共决策的制度建设、加强减少潜规则的制度建设和加强消除歧视的制度建设便成为当前我国政府公共决策公正性的制度保障。政府公共决策还有一个伦理保障的问题。决策主体的内在德性成为政府公共决策的价值指引。公正意识、责任意识和公民意识的养成是决策主体内在德性养成的基本内容,它们对政府公共决策起着伦理保障作用。更多还原

【Abstract】 A government’s public decision-making in Chinese refers to the act or process of choosing and making a plan, a project or a strategy made by a government agency which aims at solving a relevant public problem in order to realize and safeguard public interests. As a noun, it refers to a plan, a project or a strategy made by a government agency which aims at solving a public problem in order to realize and safeguard public interests. There exists a correlation between a government’s public decision-making and ethics, in that the latter makes up an important basis for the former, exercising an influence on the act of the subject and the object of a government’s public decision-making and penetrating into every link of the process of a government’s public decision-making.Does a government’s public decision-making involve value? The answer is positive. According to the science of policy and the science of administrative ethics, a government’s public decision-making involves value. From the perspective of utilitarianism and the perspective of morality, a government’s public decision-making involves values. From the angle of the logical premise of utilitarianism, a government’s public decision-making involves values such as effect, result or happiness, etc. From the basis of utilitarianism, a government’s public decision-making involves such values as effect, efficiency, etc. According to the theory of morality, a government’s public decision-making involves values such as fairness, impartiality or justice, etc. For a government’s public decision-making, there are diverse principles of value and standards of value which need sequencing in value. In a historical and realistic view, a government’s public decision-making carries priority values. In terms of efficiency, fairness is the priority value of a government’s public decision-making; in terms of good, correctness is the priority value of a government’s public decision-making; compared to individual good, however, public good of a government’s public decision-making does not take absolute priority. Case analyses show that Chinese protecting policy of social welfare has its non-fairness which leads it into an ethical plight.A government’s public decision-making is closely related to its target or purpose and its means. From a perspective of ethics, the target choice of a government’s public decision-making is oriented towards the choice of such targets as public interest, justice and efficiency, etc. The target choice of public interest is a general one, while the target choice of justice and the target choice of efficiency are specific ones. From a perspective of ethics, the choice of scientific means, the choice of democratic means and the choice of legal means are the means choices of a government’s public decision-making. The choice of scientific means is a technical one of a government’s public decision-making; the choice of democratic means is a social one; and the choice of legal means is a standard one. The good of purpose and the correctness of means of a government’s public decision-making should be combined with each other, which is fundamental for a government’s public decision-making to have ethical value.There exist injustices in a government’s public decision-making. A government’s selfishness, the negative influence of interest groups and the defect in the supervision and accountability system of decision-making are responsible for the injustices in a government’s public decision-making. Therefore, it is necessary to explore an institutional protection for a government’s public decision-making, i.e. setting up and perfecting a system for opening a government’s public decision-making, setting up and perfecting a system of interest adjustment for a government’s public decision-making, and setting up and perfecting a supervision and accountability system of decision-making. The injustices in the current Chinese government’s public decision-making are the inequality of citizen’s participation in the government’s public decision-making, the intergenerational unfairness in economic policies, the identity discrimination in employment policies and the sexism in politics and employment policies. Therefore, to strengthen the construction of a system for social groups to express their interest, to strengthen the construction of a system for a government’s public decision-making, to strengthen the construction of a system for reducing unspoken rules and to strengthen the construction of a system for eliminating discrimination become an institutional protection for the justice in the current Chinese government’s public decision-making. There is still an issue of ethical protection for a government’s public decision-making. The morality of the decision-making subject becomes a value guide for a government’s public decision-making. The development of the awareness of fairness, the awareness of responsibility and the awareness of citizenship is the basic content of the development of decision-making subject’s morality, and it serves as an ethical protection for a government’s public decision-making.更多还原