【作者】 封焕英；

【导师】 范少辉；

【作者基本信息】 中国林业科学研究院 ， 森林培育， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 毛竹（Phyllostachys edulis）是我国森林资源的重要组成部分，随着社会发展和人们需求的提高，毛竹在建筑、食品、保健等社会经济方面及固碳释氧、保持水土、涵养水源等生态方面均得到了更高程度的开发利用。受经营目标、经营者背景以及利益驱动的影响，当前毛竹林健康状况已受到挑战。本研究以森林健康相关研究理论为基础，结合毛竹生长特性、林分属性、经营现状及存在问题，探讨了毛竹林健康的内涵，选择安徽黄山、福建顺昌和永安等区域毛竹林为研究对象，构建毛竹林健康评价指标模型，并进行实证分析，研究可为毛竹林健康经营和科学管理提供理论依据和实践指导。主要研究结果如下：（1）毛竹林健康的内涵是毛竹林在遵循自身发展演替规律基础上，对外界干扰有一定的抵抗力，能维持林分结构稳定，并能为人们提供相应的产品和生态服务功能。毛竹林健康问题源于实际经营主体对毛竹林资源属性的过度关注及对其自然属性、社会属性和基础设施属性的忽视，该认识指导下的经营模式可能获得了短期的效益，但对林分长期的结构稳定、活力维持、抗干扰能力、经济产出和生态功能发挥埋下了不安全隐患，最终使毛竹林通过自身恢复或简单干预无法回到最初的平衡。（2）以森林生态系统健康研究中经典的VOR模型为基础，结合毛竹林的经营和研究现状，构建了包含目标层、准则层、要素层和指标层4个层次19个指标的毛竹林健康评价指标模型。其中准则层包含毛竹林健康评价基础和经济生态功能2个方面；要素层包含林分活力、林分结构、对干扰响应、经济价值和生态功能5个方面，指标层由19个具体指标组成：净光合速率D1、发笋率D2、平均胸径D3、鞭根活力D4、年龄结构D5、密度结构D6、树种组成D7、灌木丰富度D8、人为干扰强度D9、干旱指数D10、低温指数D11、产笋量D12、产材量D13、色彩D14、林冠截留D15、枯落物厚度D16、土壤渗透性D17、土壤N含量D18和毛竹生物量D19。（3）通过系统聚类分析将毛竹林健康状况划分为Ⅰ（优秀）、Ⅱ（良好）、Ⅲ（一般）、Ⅳ（较差）和Ⅴ（差）5个等级。以安徽省黄山、福建省顺昌和永安地区的85个样点为基础，计算了研究区毛竹林健康的综合指数，为0.503~0.828。第Ⅰ级的样点有3个（健康综合指数为0.777~0.828），第Ⅱ级样点有17个（健康综合指数为0.719~0.762）第Ⅲ级样点有41个（健康综合指数为0.617~0.711），第Ⅳ级样点有18个（健康综合指数为0.541~0.615），第Ⅴ级样点有6个（健康综合指数为0.503~0.528），总体呈正态分布态势，说明目前经营毛竹林中，处于优秀状态和差状态的林分较少，经营状态一般的林地较多，林地整体经营水平不高。（4）毛竹林健康综合指数与参评因子相关分析结果表明，不同健康等级毛竹林的影响因子不同。密度结构D5与Ⅰ（优秀）级毛竹林健康综合指数极显著性正相关；枯落物厚度D16和产笋量D12与Ⅱ（良好）级毛竹林健康综合指数相关系数较其他指标高；Ⅲ（一般）级毛竹林健康综合指数与6个参评指标的相关性达显著水平，其中与树种结构D6、枯落物厚度D16和乔木生物量D19极显著相关，与鞭根活力D4、低温指数D11和产材量D13显著相关；Ⅳ（较差）毛竹林的健康综合指数仅与净光合速率D1显著相关，相关系数为0.474；Ⅴ（差）毛竹林的健康综合指数与人为干扰强度D9、干旱指数D10和土壤渗透性D17显著或极显著相关。（5）研究区各类型毛竹林的健康状况表明，安徽省黄山区毛竹林健康状况明显低于福建省永安和顺昌毛竹林，林分类型与核心经营措施对毛竹林健康水平影响较大。黄山区纯林化较严重，健康综合指数为0.503~0.746，40个调查样点中，有5个样点健康等级处于第Ⅱ级，8个处于第Ⅲ级，其余27个样点均处于不健康状态；而福建顺昌和永安毛竹林混交比例较高，调查的45个样点中，有2个样点健康综合指数大于0.8，处于优秀的健康状态，20个样点处于良好级，仅9个样点处于较差的不健康状态，健康等级明显高于安徽黄山区；总体来看，毛竹纯林的健康水平低于混交林。从核心经营措施来看，黄山区施肥林分的健康综合指数最高，钩梢林分健康综合指数最低。顺昌和永安毛竹林中，灌水管理的林分健康水平整体较高，林分生物量和笋产量均较高。森林健康是时代发展的必然选择。论文以森林健康理论为基础，探讨了毛竹林健康的内涵，构建了健康评价指标体系，并对研究区毛竹林的健康状况进行了实证研究与分析，针对性提出了健康经营建议。毛竹林健康经营应在因山因地制宜的基础上，结合科学、合理的经营目标，遵循毛竹林自然特性和可持续发展原则，并保证毛竹林能提供相应的产品和服务的背景下进行，仅关注短期效益的掠夺式经营是导致毛竹林健康水平降低的关键所在。更多还原

【Abstract】 Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) is an important part of forest resources in China.With the social development and increasing demand of human, Moso bamboo has received ahigher degree of exploitation and utilization in socio-economy, such as, construction, food andhealth care, and in ecology, such as carbon fixation and oxygen release, soil and waterconservation. Currently, the health condition of bamboo forest has been challenged due to theeffect of management target, managers’ background and benefit-driven. Based on the relatedresearch theory on forest health, combining bamboo growth characteristics, stand property,current management situation and existing problems, this study discussed the connotation ofbamboo forest health based on the classical VOR model of forest health research. Mosobamboo forests in Huangshan District, Shunchang County and Yong’an County etc, werechosen, and then a target model including4layers consisting19indictors was constructed toevaluate bamboo health, further empirical analysis was conducted in research areas, whichcould provide theoretical and practical guidance to health management in Moso bamboo forest.The main results were as follows:(1) The connotation of Moso bamboo forest health is that Moso bamboo is resistant toexternal disturbance to some degree, capable to maintain stand structure, and supplies healthproducts and ecosystem services based on its own succession and development.The origin of health problem in Moso bamboo forest comes from excessive focus onresource property of bamboo, but ignores its natural social and infrastructure property. Themanagement pattern under the health problem could get short-term benefit, but hide dangersfor stand long-term structural stability, maintaining vitality, anti-disturbance capability,economic output and ecological functioning, thus the Moso bamboo forest is unable to recoverits initial balance through self-recover or simple intervention. (2) Based on the classical VOR model of health research, combining with themanagement and current research status, a target model for health evaluation including fourlayer, which were target layer, criterion layer, element layer and index layer, consisting19indicators was built in Moso bamboo forest.The criterion was consisted of two aspects, which were evaluation base for bamboo health,economic values and ecological functions, and element layer was composed of five aspects,which were stand activity, stand structure, disturbance response, economic benefit andecological function; element layer was consisted of19specifical indicators, which were netphotosynthetic rate (D1), shooting up rate (D2), average diameter (D3), rhizome activity (D4),ages structure (D5), density structure (D6), species composition (D7), shrub richness (D8),degree of human disturbance (D9), drought index (D10), low-temperature index (D11), bambooshoot output (D12), timber production (D13), colors (D14), canopy interception (D15), litterthickness (D16), soil permeability (D17), soil nitrogen content (D18)and bamboo biomass (D19).(3) By using cluster analysis bamboo health status were divided into5grades, which wereexcellent (I), good (II), moderate (III), poor (IV), very poor (V).The calculated comprehensive health index of Moso bamboo forest was0.503~0.828based on85sampling points in Huangshan District, Shunchang County, Yong’an County. Thepoints of grade I, II, III, IV and VI were3(health composite index was0.777~0.828),17(0.719~0.762),41(0.617~0.711),18(0.541~0.615) and6(0.503~0.528), which were normaldistributed, indicating the number of excellent and very poor grade was low, and the number ofnormal managed stand were higher and the management level was not high overall.(4) Following the relsults of correlation analysis between bamboo forest healthcomprehensive index and involved factors, the key factor was not identical in different healthlevel.The density structure (D5) was highly significantly positive correlated to healthcomprehensive index of Moso bamboo forest in grade I (excellent); the correlation coefficientof the relationship between litter thickness (D16), bamboo shoot output (D12) and health comprehensive index of Moso bamboo forest in grade II (good) were higher than any otherindicators; health comprehensive index of Moso bamboo forest in grade III (moderate) wassignificantly positive correlated to6indicators, among which, the index was highlysignificantly positive correlated to species composition (D6), litter thickness (D16) and treebiomass (D19), and significantly positive correlated to rhizome activity (D4), low-temperatureindex (D11) and timber production (D13). Health comprehensive index of Moso bamboo forestin grade IV (poor) was only significantly correlated with net photosynthetic rate (D1) withcoefficient value of0.474; Health comprehensive index of Moso bamboo forest in grade IV(poor) was significantly or highly significantly correlated withdegree of human disturbance(D9), drought index (D10), soil permeability (D17).(5) The results of moso bamboo forest health level in the study area showed that foresttypes and core management measures were the key factor to it. And it was significantly lowerin Anhui province than that in fujian province。In Huangshan District, purified Moso bamboo forest was more serious, andcomprehensive health index was0.503~0.746. Among40sampling points,5and8pointswere in grade II and grand III, and the rest27were in unhealthy situation; in Shunchang andYong’an County, the proportion of mixed Moso bamboo forest was higher. Among45samplingpoints, comprehensive health index of two points was above0.8, staying in health situation;20points were in good level, and only9points were unhealthy. The health grade of Shunchangwas obviously higher than that of Huangshan. Overall, the health level of pure Moso bambooforest was lower than mixed Moso bamboo forest. Core management speaking, comprehensivehealth index of fertilized Moso bamboo in Huangshan was highest, and Moso bamboo forestwith release fertilizer was best, but hook tip was lowest, below0.55. In Shunchang andYong’an, bamboo forest with investigation management was higher, and stand biomass andbamboo shoot output was higher.Forest health research is the inevitable choice of the times. Based on the theory of foresthealth, the connotation of forest health of Moso bamboo forest was discussed and an evaluation system was constructed. Furthermore, the case study and analysis of Moso bamboo forest instudy area was studied advice to health management. According to the results that the sitecondition is the base of bamboo forest health management, and should follow the scientific andreasonable management goal.The use of the management pattern should follow bamboo forestnatural characteristics and the rule of sustainable development and providing correspondingproducts and services. The predatory management which focuses on short-term benefit wouldcause many bamboo forest health problems.更多还原