【作者】 冯彩云；

【导师】 孙振元；

【作者基本信息】 中国林业科学研究院 ， 园林植物与观赏园艺， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 随着社会生产力的发展，工业化、城市化、市场化进程不断加快，带来经济、社会发展的同时，也造成生态环境的日益恶化。城市园林绿地作为城市复合生态系统的重要组成部分，在创造优美人居环境、提高城市环境质量等方面发挥着重要作用。近自然园林理念强调人类要尊重自然，按自然规律来建设园林，以满足当代人和子孙后代对园林绿地的生态效益、景观效益、社会效益和经济效益的需求，因此，近自然园林是促进城市可持续发展的有效途径之一。本文在研究近自然园林的概念和内涵的基础上，根据园林学、森林生态学、城市生态学、景观生态学、恢复生态学和生态美学等相关学科的基本理论，同时参考近自然林业、宫胁昭造林法和近自然河溪恢复与治理等相关方法，提出了近自然园林绿地植物群落营造的原则和方法；应用德尔斐法和层次分析法构建了近自然园林绿地植物群落的评价指标体系，并把评价指标体系应用到北京市园林绿地的评价中。论文的主要结论如下：⑴近自然园林是传统园林的扩展与提高近自然园林是继承和发展传统园林的经验，在城区和城郊范围内，以园林学、生态学、美学等多学科的理论为指导，营造以乡土植物为主，乔灌草相结合的具有生态效益、景观效益和社会效益等综合效益的，结构稳定、具有自我演替能力地带性园林系统。近自然园林包含三个方面的内涵：以乡土植物为主，能很好地适应当地的环境，地域特色明显；选择和配置植物物种合理，植物群落具有良好的生物多样性和稳定性，能有效发挥生态效益、景观效益和社会效益等综合效益；在时间结构、空间结构和营养结构合理，生态系统进入良性循环，具有自我演替能力。⑵近自然园林绿地植物群落营造方法汲取了多种理论与方法近自然园林绿地植物群落营造以尊重自然、顺应自然；重视乡土植物、体现地域特色；以人为本、人与自然相和谐为原则。在项目目标制定、立地条件、潜自然植被调查、近自然园林绿地景观的设计、种苗采集和培育、土壤改良、近自然园林绿地景观的营造、近自然园林绿地管护等过程中汲取了园林学、森林生态学、城市生态学、景观生态学、恢复生态学和生态美学等相关学科的基本理论，宫胁昭造林法、近自然林业和近自然河溪恢复与治理等相关方法。与传统园林绿地相比，近自然园林绿地植物群落营造汲取了更多理论与方法；在园林绿化物种选择上，更强调以乡土植物为主；在立地方面，更强调植物群落的生长环境接近自然；在园林绿地的管护方面，更强调发挥植物群落内部的自我调控能力，减少人工干扰。因此，近自然园林绿地更能有效地发挥植物群落的生态效益。⑶近自然园林绿地植物群落的评价指标体系的测评结果较为理想应用德尔斐法和层次分析法构建了近自然园林绿地植物群落的评价指标体系。从植物群落的自然度和景观美学指数两个方面以植物群落组成、植物群落活力、干扰程度、植物群落结构、植物群落风景要素、植物配置要素等6个二级指标，植物群落地域特色、植物的Simpson指数、植物的Shannon-Weineron指数、植物的Pielou指数、天然更新幼苗数、植物群落郁闭度、人类活动、自然灾害、植物群落层次、直径分布、季相变化丰富度、观赏特性丰富度、植物群落与整体环境协调性、植物群落的景观地带性特色、植物生活型结构丰富度、植物物种多样性、植物生长势等17个三级指标构建了近自然园林绿地植物群落评价指标体系并确定了评价等级。以北京市园林绿地为研究对象，将近自然园林绿地植物群落的评价指标体系应用到北京市园林绿地植物群落的评价中，得分在0.35～0.71之间，评价等级多集中在Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级，评价结果与实际情况一致，近自然园林绿地植物群落的评价指标体系的应用及测评结果较为理想。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the development of social productive forces， the process of industrialization，urbanization and marketlization accelerate continually， which bringing economic and social development， but at the same time， also causing the deterioration of ecologicalenvironment. Close-to-nature landscape architecture is an effective approach to promotethe sustainability and development of a city. The conception of close-to-nature landscaping architecture emphasizes that a human being should respect the nature and plans thelandscaping according to the nature laws. Hence, it will meet the ecological, landscaping, social or economic needs for current and next generation.In this study, we explored the conception of close-to-nature landscape architectureand proposed the principle and process for its construction according to the related theory of landscape architecture subject， forest ecology subject， urban ecology subject，restoration ecology subject and ecological aesthetics subject, etc. and other related methods such as close-to-nature forestry theory, Miyawaki Aki afforestation method and close-to-nature river and canal dredging and regulating methods. An comprehensive evaluation system was established by Delphi and AHP method, which was further used to evaluate landscaping architecture in Beijing.The close-to-nature landscape architecture could use urban plants in certain area, orselect certain species to maximize the benefit of ecology system, landscaping or human society. The biodiversity of this kind of landscaping could be abundant. Hence, it promotes the sustainability of the ecology system.The principle of the close-to-nature landscape architecture respects nature and respects the harmonious relationship between human beings and nature. Its construction process includes designing the project objectives, measuring the site conditions, investigating the vegetation situation, improving soil quality, collecting, cultivating and transplantingseedlings, as well as the landscaping protection, etc..For a plant community, the evaluation index system involves six2nd level specifications such as its composition, the vigor, the structure, the degree of disturbance, landscaping and configuration elements. There are other173rd level indexes: its characteristics, Simpson index, Shannon-Weineron index, Pielou index, number changes of seedlings, canopy density, degree of human activities, degree of natural disasters, distribution levels, degree of seasonal changes, characteristics of sightseeing, relationship with surrounding environment, characteristics of local zone, ecological structures, biodiversity, vigorof plant growth. Applying the system to evaluate the landscaping architecture in Beijing,the result shows that the values of evaluation are between0.35and0.71. Most studystands’ rate scale are concerntrated Ⅱ and Ⅲ. It was in agreement with the actual situation, which proved the validity of the system.更多还原