【作者】 席桂萍；

【导师】 赵芝俊；

【作者基本信息】 中国农业科学院 ， 农业技术经济， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 养蜂业是现代农业的重要组成部分，该产业通过蜜蜂为植物授粉产生了巨大的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益，但随着经济和社会的发展，制约养蜂业发展的内外部因素日益复杂多样，中国养蜂业的可持续发展面临非常严峻的形势。在中国已进入工业反哺农业阶段，初步建立了新时期农业补贴的制度框架背景下，研究政府应从哪些方面如何构建养蜂业的政策支持体系具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。本文首先基于蜂农固定观察点的连续跟踪调研数据分析了中国养蜂业的发展现状，发现中国蜂农养蜂生产的主要目的只是为了获取蜂产品而忽视了蜜蜂授粉，存在养殖规模小、养蜂技术老化、机械化与组织化水平低下、比较效益偏低、蜂农严重老龄化、蜂产品市场混乱等问题。诸多问题的存在导致中国养蜂业的发展陷入困境。其次，基于经济学的相关理论，认为养蜂业具有准公共产品属性和正的外部性，这一特性导致该产业的市场供给存在严重不足，政府应该运用公共财政手段，通过制定并实施相关支持政策来弥补市场调节的不足，解决养蜂业的市场失灵问题。公共产品、外部性与公共财政理论构成了中国养蜂业支持政策的理论基础。随后分析了养蜂业的贡献：在生态方面，蜜蜂授粉是完成植物生命周期的前提条件，是维持生物多样性的一个重要驱动力；在社会方面，养蜂业为农业生产与改善人类生计状况做出了突出的贡献；在经济方面，蜜蜂授粉提高了作物的产量和质量，使生产者和消费者的福利水平得到了显著提高，最终促进整个社会福利水平的上升，诸多贡献构成了养蜂业支持政策的现实依据。解决养蜂业的发展难题迫切需要政府政策的大力支持。然后，通过分析养蜂规模与成本收益之间的关系、建立C-D生产函数分析传统生产要素对蜂农养蜂生产总值的影响，以及对使用蜜蜂良种、养蜂车、养蜂生产政策性农业保险及蜜蜂授粉的重要性等分析，并结合对北京、浙江、江西、海南等地方政府实施的养蜂业支持政策的效果评价，找出了实施养蜂直接补贴、蜜蜂良种补贴、养蜂车购置补贴、养蜂业政策性农业保险与蜜蜂授粉补贴等五个主要的政策支撑点。在此基础上，运用实证数学规划模型（PMP模型），分别模拟了五种支持政策的实施效果，结果表明，在五种支持政策情景下，所有蜂农都会不同程度地扩大蜂群养殖规模，所有蜂农的养蜂收入都有了不同程度地提高，养蜂业支持政策对推动养蜂业的快速健康发展起到了积极的促进作用。基于上述研究内容，提出了以下政策建议：政府应大力宣传蜜蜂授粉的重要作用，提高全社会对养蜂业的关注与重视；对养蜂业的发展道路予以正确引导，促使以获取蜂产品为主要目的向为作物授粉方向转变；尽快制定并实施养蜂业支持政策，构建中国养蜂业发展的政策支持体系；积极发挥政府引导作用，加快发展现代养蜂业。更多还原

【Abstract】 Apiculture is an important part of modern agriculture. Great economic benefits, social benefits andecological benefits have been produced by apiculture through bee pollination for plants. However, withthe development of economics and society, sustainable development of apiculture is facing serioussituation because of more complicated restricting factors coming from internal and externalenvironments. China has entered the period of industry nurturing agriculture and initially established theinstitutional framework of agricultural subsidies at present. In this context, it has an importanttheoriotical and practical significance to study the government how to construct the supporting policysystem of apiculture and in which areas will they do.Firstly, the current development situation of apiculture has been analyzed based on the survey dataof fixed observation point beekeepers. The study shows that the main purpose of Chinese beekeepers isjust to get bee products but ignore bee pollination. There are some issues of apiculture such as smallbreeding scale, aging beekeeping technology, lower level of mechanization and organization, lowerincome, serious beekeeping aging, product market confusion and so on. Those problems above have ledto the difficulty which the development of Chinese apiculture troubled in.Secondly, apiculture is thought to have the characteristics of quasi-public goods and positiveexternalities based on the economic theory which lead to a serious shortage of market supply. Thegovernment should draw up and implement beekeeping supporting policy by using the means of publicfinance to make up for the lack of market regulation and solve the problem of apiculture market failure.Theories of public goods, externality and public finance have formed the theoretical basis which theapiculture supporting policy based on. Then, the contribution of apiculture is analyzed. Bee pollinationis not only the prerequisite to complete the life cycle of the plant but an important driving force tomaintain biological diversity in terms of ecology. Bee pollination contributes to agricultural productionand human livelihoods in social aspect. In economic aspect, bee pollination increased crop yield andimproved their quality, which improved the welfare level of both producers’ and consumers’, and willimprove the level of whole social welfare eventually. Those contributions constitute the realistic basis ofapiculture supporting policy. It calls for the strong support of government policy urgently.Then, the relationship between beekeeping scale and cost-benefits has been analyzed, and theinfluence of traditional factors to gross beekeeping production has been analyzed by using C-Dproduction function. The importances of popularizing queen bees and beekeeping vehicle, beekeepingagricultural policy insurance, bee pollination have also been analyzed. Some apiculture supportingpolicies were evaluated which made by other local governments in Beijing, Zhejiang, Jiangxi andHainan provience. Based on the research above, it is found that there are five major supporting policieswhich are direct beekeeping subsidy, seed subsidy, beekeeping vehicle purchasing subsidy, beekeepingagricultural insurance subsidy and bee pollination subsidy. Finally, the model of PMP has been used tosimulate the effects of five supporting policies respectively. The result shows that the colony scale willbe expanded at different degree and all the beekeeper’s income will be increased at varying extent under the scenarios of five supporting policies. Supporting policy will play a positive role in promoting thedevelopment of apiculture rapidly and healthy.Based on the research above, some countermeasures are put forward as follows: the governmentshould publicize the importance of bee pollination to improve the social concern about apiculture andguide the developping road of beekeeping in order to change the main aim of acquisition for beeproducts to bee pollination for crops; the government also should make beekeeping supporting policiesand build supporting policy system of apiculture in China as soon as possible.更多还原